xref: /openbsd-src/usr.bin/ssh/ssh-keygen.c (revision c6b709f57b9f0eb79d5cd435ebd6ead1f648a81f)
1 /* $OpenBSD: ssh-keygen.c,v 1.274 2015/05/28 07:37:31 djm Exp $ */
2 /*
3  * Author: Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>
4  * Copyright (c) 1994 Tatu Ylonen <ylo@cs.hut.fi>, Espoo, Finland
5  *                    All rights reserved
6  * Identity and host key generation and maintenance.
7  *
8  * As far as I am concerned, the code I have written for this software
9  * can be used freely for any purpose.  Any derived versions of this
10  * software must be clearly marked as such, and if the derived work is
11  * incompatible with the protocol description in the RFC file, it must be
12  * called by a name other than "ssh" or "Secure Shell".
13  */
14 
15 #include <sys/types.h>
16 #include <sys/socket.h>
17 #include <sys/stat.h>
18 
19 #include <openssl/evp.h>
20 #include <openssl/pem.h>
21 
22 #include <errno.h>
23 #include <fcntl.h>
24 #include <netdb.h>
25 #include <pwd.h>
26 #include <stdio.h>
27 #include <stdlib.h>
28 #include <string.h>
29 #include <unistd.h>
30 #include <limits.h>
31 
32 #include "xmalloc.h"
33 #include "sshkey.h"
34 #include "rsa.h"
35 #include "authfile.h"
36 #include "uuencode.h"
37 #include "sshbuf.h"
38 #include "pathnames.h"
39 #include "log.h"
40 #include "misc.h"
41 #include "match.h"
42 #include "hostfile.h"
43 #include "dns.h"
44 #include "ssh.h"
45 #include "ssh2.h"
46 #include "ssherr.h"
47 #include "atomicio.h"
48 #include "krl.h"
49 #include "digest.h"
50 
51 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
52 #include "ssh-pkcs11.h"
53 #endif
54 
55 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
56 # define DEFAULT_KEY_TYPE_NAME "rsa"
57 #else
58 # define DEFAULT_KEY_TYPE_NAME "ed25519"
59 #endif
60 
61 /* Number of bits in the RSA/DSA key.  This value can be set on the command line. */
62 #define DEFAULT_BITS		2048
63 #define DEFAULT_BITS_DSA	1024
64 #define DEFAULT_BITS_ECDSA	256
65 u_int32_t bits = 0;
66 
67 /*
68  * Flag indicating that we just want to change the passphrase.  This can be
69  * set on the command line.
70  */
71 int change_passphrase = 0;
72 
73 /*
74  * Flag indicating that we just want to change the comment.  This can be set
75  * on the command line.
76  */
77 int change_comment = 0;
78 
79 int quiet = 0;
80 
81 int log_level = SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO;
82 
83 /* Flag indicating that we want to hash a known_hosts file */
84 int hash_hosts = 0;
85 /* Flag indicating that we want lookup a host in known_hosts file */
86 int find_host = 0;
87 /* Flag indicating that we want to delete a host from a known_hosts file */
88 int delete_host = 0;
89 
90 /* Flag indicating that we want to show the contents of a certificate */
91 int show_cert = 0;
92 
93 /* Flag indicating that we just want to see the key fingerprint */
94 int print_fingerprint = 0;
95 int print_bubblebabble = 0;
96 
97 /* Hash algorithm to use for fingerprints. */
98 int fingerprint_hash = SSH_FP_HASH_DEFAULT;
99 
100 /* The identity file name, given on the command line or entered by the user. */
101 char identity_file[1024];
102 int have_identity = 0;
103 
104 /* This is set to the passphrase if given on the command line. */
105 char *identity_passphrase = NULL;
106 
107 /* This is set to the new passphrase if given on the command line. */
108 char *identity_new_passphrase = NULL;
109 
110 /* This is set to the new comment if given on the command line. */
111 char *identity_comment = NULL;
112 
113 /* Path to CA key when certifying keys. */
114 char *ca_key_path = NULL;
115 
116 /* Certificate serial number */
117 unsigned long long cert_serial = 0;
118 
119 /* Key type when certifying */
120 u_int cert_key_type = SSH2_CERT_TYPE_USER;
121 
122 /* "key ID" of signed key */
123 char *cert_key_id = NULL;
124 
125 /* Comma-separated list of principal names for certifying keys */
126 char *cert_principals = NULL;
127 
128 /* Validity period for certificates */
129 u_int64_t cert_valid_from = 0;
130 u_int64_t cert_valid_to = ~0ULL;
131 
132 /* Certificate options */
133 #define CERTOPT_X_FWD	(1)
134 #define CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD	(1<<1)
135 #define CERTOPT_PORT_FWD	(1<<2)
136 #define CERTOPT_PTY		(1<<3)
137 #define CERTOPT_USER_RC	(1<<4)
138 #define CERTOPT_DEFAULT	(CERTOPT_X_FWD|CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD| \
139 			 CERTOPT_PORT_FWD|CERTOPT_PTY|CERTOPT_USER_RC)
140 u_int32_t certflags_flags = CERTOPT_DEFAULT;
141 char *certflags_command = NULL;
142 char *certflags_src_addr = NULL;
143 
144 /* Conversion to/from various formats */
145 int convert_to = 0;
146 int convert_from = 0;
147 enum {
148 	FMT_RFC4716,
149 	FMT_PKCS8,
150 	FMT_PEM
151 } convert_format = FMT_RFC4716;
152 int print_public = 0;
153 int print_generic = 0;
154 
155 char *key_type_name = NULL;
156 
157 /* Load key from this PKCS#11 provider */
158 char *pkcs11provider = NULL;
159 
160 /* Use new OpenSSH private key format when writing SSH2 keys instead of PEM */
161 int use_new_format = 0;
162 
163 /* Cipher for new-format private keys */
164 char *new_format_cipher = NULL;
165 
166 /*
167  * Number of KDF rounds to derive new format keys /
168  * number of primality trials when screening moduli.
169  */
170 int rounds = 0;
171 
172 /* argv0 */
173 extern char *__progname;
174 
175 char hostname[NI_MAXHOST];
176 
177 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
178 /* moduli.c */
179 int gen_candidates(FILE *, u_int32_t, u_int32_t, BIGNUM *);
180 int prime_test(FILE *, FILE *, u_int32_t, u_int32_t, char *, unsigned long,
181     unsigned long);
182 #endif
183 
184 static void
185 type_bits_valid(int type, const char *name, u_int32_t *bitsp)
186 {
187 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
188 	u_int maxbits, nid;
189 #endif
190 
191 	if (type == KEY_UNSPEC)
192 		fatal("unknown key type %s", key_type_name);
193 	if (*bitsp == 0) {
194 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
195 		if (type == KEY_DSA)
196 			*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS_DSA;
197 		else if (type == KEY_ECDSA) {
198 			if (name != NULL &&
199 			    (nid = sshkey_ecdsa_nid_from_name(name)) > 0)
200 				*bitsp = sshkey_curve_nid_to_bits(nid);
201 			if (*bitsp == 0)
202 				*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS_ECDSA;
203 		}
204 		else
205 #endif
206 			*bitsp = DEFAULT_BITS;
207 	}
208 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
209 	maxbits = (type == KEY_DSA) ?
210 	    OPENSSL_DSA_MAX_MODULUS_BITS : OPENSSL_RSA_MAX_MODULUS_BITS;
211 	if (*bitsp > maxbits)
212 		fatal("key bits exceeds maximum %d", maxbits);
213 	if (type == KEY_DSA && *bitsp != 1024)
214 		fatal("DSA keys must be 1024 bits");
215 	else if (type != KEY_ECDSA && type != KEY_ED25519 && *bitsp < 768)
216 		fatal("Key must at least be 768 bits");
217 	else if (type == KEY_ECDSA && sshkey_ecdsa_bits_to_nid(*bitsp) == -1)
218 		fatal("Invalid ECDSA key length - valid lengths are "
219 		    "256, 384 or 521 bits");
220 #endif
221 }
222 
223 static void
224 ask_filename(struct passwd *pw, const char *prompt)
225 {
226 	char buf[1024];
227 	char *name = NULL;
228 
229 	if (key_type_name == NULL)
230 		name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_RSA;
231 	else {
232 		switch (sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name)) {
233 		case KEY_RSA1:
234 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_IDENTITY;
235 			break;
236 		case KEY_DSA_CERT:
237 		case KEY_DSA_CERT_V00:
238 		case KEY_DSA:
239 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_DSA;
240 			break;
241 		case KEY_ECDSA_CERT:
242 		case KEY_ECDSA:
243 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ECDSA;
244 			break;
245 		case KEY_RSA_CERT:
246 		case KEY_RSA_CERT_V00:
247 		case KEY_RSA:
248 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_RSA;
249 			break;
250 		case KEY_ED25519:
251 		case KEY_ED25519_CERT:
252 			name = _PATH_SSH_CLIENT_ID_ED25519;
253 			break;
254 		default:
255 			fatal("bad key type");
256 		}
257 	}
258 	snprintf(identity_file, sizeof(identity_file),
259 	    "%s/%s", pw->pw_dir, name);
260 	printf("%s (%s): ", prompt, identity_file);
261 	fflush(stdout);
262 	if (fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), stdin) == NULL)
263 		exit(1);
264 	buf[strcspn(buf, "\n")] = '\0';
265 	if (strcmp(buf, "") != 0)
266 		strlcpy(identity_file, buf, sizeof(identity_file));
267 	have_identity = 1;
268 }
269 
270 static struct sshkey *
271 load_identity(char *filename)
272 {
273 	char *pass;
274 	struct sshkey *prv;
275 	int r;
276 
277 	if ((r = sshkey_load_private(filename, "", &prv, NULL)) == 0)
278 		return prv;
279 	if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)
280 		fatal("Load key \"%s\": %s", filename, ssh_err(r));
281 	if (identity_passphrase)
282 		pass = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
283 	else
284 		pass = read_passphrase("Enter passphrase: ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
285 	r = sshkey_load_private(filename, pass, &prv, NULL);
286 	explicit_bzero(pass, strlen(pass));
287 	free(pass);
288 	if (r != 0)
289 		fatal("Load key \"%s\": %s", filename, ssh_err(r));
290 	return prv;
291 }
292 
293 #define SSH_COM_PUBLIC_BEGIN		"---- BEGIN SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----"
294 #define SSH_COM_PUBLIC_END		"---- END SSH2 PUBLIC KEY ----"
295 #define SSH_COM_PRIVATE_BEGIN		"---- BEGIN SSH2 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY ----"
296 #define	SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC	0x3f6ff9eb
297 
298 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
299 static void
300 do_convert_to_ssh2(struct passwd *pw, struct sshkey *k)
301 {
302 	size_t len;
303 	u_char *blob;
304 	char comment[61];
305 	int r;
306 
307 	if (k->type == KEY_RSA1)
308 		fatal("version 1 keys are not supported");
309 	if ((r = sshkey_to_blob(k, &blob, &len)) != 0)
310 		fatal("key_to_blob failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
311 	/* Comment + surrounds must fit into 72 chars (RFC 4716 sec 3.3) */
312 	snprintf(comment, sizeof(comment),
313 	    "%u-bit %s, converted by %s@%s from OpenSSH",
314 	    sshkey_size(k), sshkey_type(k),
315 	    pw->pw_name, hostname);
316 
317 	fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", SSH_COM_PUBLIC_BEGIN);
318 	fprintf(stdout, "Comment: \"%s\"\n", comment);
319 	dump_base64(stdout, blob, len);
320 	fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", SSH_COM_PUBLIC_END);
321 	sshkey_free(k);
322 	free(blob);
323 	exit(0);
324 }
325 
326 static void
327 do_convert_to_pkcs8(struct sshkey *k)
328 {
329 	switch (sshkey_type_plain(k->type)) {
330 	case KEY_RSA1:
331 	case KEY_RSA:
332 		if (!PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY(stdout, k->rsa))
333 			fatal("PEM_write_RSA_PUBKEY failed");
334 		break;
335 	case KEY_DSA:
336 		if (!PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY(stdout, k->dsa))
337 			fatal("PEM_write_DSA_PUBKEY failed");
338 		break;
339 	case KEY_ECDSA:
340 		if (!PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY(stdout, k->ecdsa))
341 			fatal("PEM_write_EC_PUBKEY failed");
342 		break;
343 	default:
344 		fatal("%s: unsupported key type %s", __func__, sshkey_type(k));
345 	}
346 	exit(0);
347 }
348 
349 static void
350 do_convert_to_pem(struct sshkey *k)
351 {
352 	switch (sshkey_type_plain(k->type)) {
353 	case KEY_RSA1:
354 	case KEY_RSA:
355 		if (!PEM_write_RSAPublicKey(stdout, k->rsa))
356 			fatal("PEM_write_RSAPublicKey failed");
357 		break;
358 #if notyet /* OpenSSH 0.9.8 lacks this function */
359 	case KEY_DSA:
360 		if (!PEM_write_DSAPublicKey(stdout, k->dsa))
361 			fatal("PEM_write_DSAPublicKey failed");
362 		break;
363 #endif
364 	/* XXX ECDSA? */
365 	default:
366 		fatal("%s: unsupported key type %s", __func__, sshkey_type(k));
367 	}
368 	exit(0);
369 }
370 
371 static void
372 do_convert_to(struct passwd *pw)
373 {
374 	struct sshkey *k;
375 	struct stat st;
376 	int r;
377 
378 	if (!have_identity)
379 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
380 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) < 0)
381 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
382 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(identity_file, &k, NULL)) != 0)
383 		k = load_identity(identity_file);
384 	switch (convert_format) {
385 	case FMT_RFC4716:
386 		do_convert_to_ssh2(pw, k);
387 		break;
388 	case FMT_PKCS8:
389 		do_convert_to_pkcs8(k);
390 		break;
391 	case FMT_PEM:
392 		do_convert_to_pem(k);
393 		break;
394 	default:
395 		fatal("%s: unknown key format %d", __func__, convert_format);
396 	}
397 	exit(0);
398 }
399 
400 /*
401  * This is almost exactly the bignum1 encoding, but with 32 bit for length
402  * instead of 16.
403  */
404 static void
405 buffer_get_bignum_bits(struct sshbuf *b, BIGNUM *value)
406 {
407 	u_int bytes, bignum_bits;
408 	int r;
409 
410 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &bignum_bits)) != 0)
411 		fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
412 	bytes = (bignum_bits + 7) / 8;
413 	if (sshbuf_len(b) < bytes)
414 		fatal("%s: input buffer too small: need %d have %zu",
415 		    __func__, bytes, sshbuf_len(b));
416 	if (BN_bin2bn(sshbuf_ptr(b), bytes, value) == NULL)
417 		fatal("%s: BN_bin2bn failed", __func__);
418 	if ((r = sshbuf_consume(b, bytes)) != 0)
419 		fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
420 }
421 
422 static struct sshkey *
423 do_convert_private_ssh2_from_blob(u_char *blob, u_int blen)
424 {
425 	struct sshbuf *b;
426 	struct sshkey *key = NULL;
427 	char *type, *cipher;
428 	u_char e1, e2, e3, *sig = NULL, data[] = "abcde12345";
429 	int r, rlen, ktype;
430 	u_int magic, i1, i2, i3, i4;
431 	size_t slen;
432 	u_long e;
433 
434 	if ((b = sshbuf_from(blob, blen)) == NULL)
435 		fatal("%s: sshbuf_from failed", __func__);
436 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &magic)) != 0)
437 		fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
438 
439 	if (magic != SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC) {
440 		error("bad magic 0x%x != 0x%x", magic,
441 		    SSH_COM_PRIVATE_KEY_MAGIC);
442 		sshbuf_free(b);
443 		return NULL;
444 	}
445 	if ((r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i1)) != 0 ||
446 	    (r = sshbuf_get_cstring(b, &type, NULL)) != 0 ||
447 	    (r = sshbuf_get_cstring(b, &cipher, NULL)) != 0 ||
448 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i2)) != 0 ||
449 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i3)) != 0 ||
450 	    (r = sshbuf_get_u32(b, &i4)) != 0)
451 		fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
452 	debug("ignore (%d %d %d %d)", i1, i2, i3, i4);
453 	if (strcmp(cipher, "none") != 0) {
454 		error("unsupported cipher %s", cipher);
455 		free(cipher);
456 		sshbuf_free(b);
457 		free(type);
458 		return NULL;
459 	}
460 	free(cipher);
461 
462 	if (strstr(type, "dsa")) {
463 		ktype = KEY_DSA;
464 	} else if (strstr(type, "rsa")) {
465 		ktype = KEY_RSA;
466 	} else {
467 		sshbuf_free(b);
468 		free(type);
469 		return NULL;
470 	}
471 	if ((key = sshkey_new_private(ktype)) == NULL)
472 		fatal("key_new_private failed");
473 	free(type);
474 
475 	switch (key->type) {
476 	case KEY_DSA:
477 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->dsa->p);
478 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->dsa->g);
479 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->dsa->q);
480 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->dsa->pub_key);
481 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->dsa->priv_key);
482 		break;
483 	case KEY_RSA:
484 		if ((r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e1)) != 0 ||
485 		    (e1 < 30 && (r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e2)) != 0) ||
486 		    (e1 < 30 && (r = sshbuf_get_u8(b, &e3)) != 0))
487 			fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
488 		e = e1;
489 		debug("e %lx", e);
490 		if (e < 30) {
491 			e <<= 8;
492 			e += e2;
493 			debug("e %lx", e);
494 			e <<= 8;
495 			e += e3;
496 			debug("e %lx", e);
497 		}
498 		if (!BN_set_word(key->rsa->e, e)) {
499 			sshbuf_free(b);
500 			sshkey_free(key);
501 			return NULL;
502 		}
503 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->rsa->d);
504 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->rsa->n);
505 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->rsa->iqmp);
506 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->rsa->q);
507 		buffer_get_bignum_bits(b, key->rsa->p);
508 		if ((r = rsa_generate_additional_parameters(key->rsa)) != 0)
509 			fatal("generate RSA parameters failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
510 		break;
511 	}
512 	rlen = sshbuf_len(b);
513 	if (rlen != 0)
514 		error("do_convert_private_ssh2_from_blob: "
515 		    "remaining bytes in key blob %d", rlen);
516 	sshbuf_free(b);
517 
518 	/* try the key */
519 	if (sshkey_sign(key, &sig, &slen, data, sizeof(data), 0) != 0 ||
520 	    sshkey_verify(key, sig, slen, data, sizeof(data), 0) != 0) {
521 		sshkey_free(key);
522 		free(sig);
523 		return NULL;
524 	}
525 	free(sig);
526 	return key;
527 }
528 
529 static int
530 get_line(FILE *fp, char *line, size_t len)
531 {
532 	int c;
533 	size_t pos = 0;
534 
535 	line[0] = '\0';
536 	while ((c = fgetc(fp)) != EOF) {
537 		if (pos >= len - 1)
538 			fatal("input line too long.");
539 		switch (c) {
540 		case '\r':
541 			c = fgetc(fp);
542 			if (c != EOF && c != '\n' && ungetc(c, fp) == EOF)
543 				fatal("unget: %s", strerror(errno));
544 			return pos;
545 		case '\n':
546 			return pos;
547 		}
548 		line[pos++] = c;
549 		line[pos] = '\0';
550 	}
551 	/* We reached EOF */
552 	return -1;
553 }
554 
555 static void
556 do_convert_from_ssh2(struct passwd *pw, struct sshkey **k, int *private)
557 {
558 	int r, blen, escaped = 0;
559 	u_int len;
560 	char line[1024];
561 	u_char blob[8096];
562 	char encoded[8096];
563 	FILE *fp;
564 
565 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
566 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
567 	encoded[0] = '\0';
568 	while ((blen = get_line(fp, line, sizeof(line))) != -1) {
569 		if (blen > 0 && line[blen - 1] == '\\')
570 			escaped++;
571 		if (strncmp(line, "----", 4) == 0 ||
572 		    strstr(line, ": ") != NULL) {
573 			if (strstr(line, SSH_COM_PRIVATE_BEGIN) != NULL)
574 				*private = 1;
575 			if (strstr(line, " END ") != NULL) {
576 				break;
577 			}
578 			/* fprintf(stderr, "ignore: %s", line); */
579 			continue;
580 		}
581 		if (escaped) {
582 			escaped--;
583 			/* fprintf(stderr, "escaped: %s", line); */
584 			continue;
585 		}
586 		strlcat(encoded, line, sizeof(encoded));
587 	}
588 	len = strlen(encoded);
589 	if (((len % 4) == 3) &&
590 	    (encoded[len-1] == '=') &&
591 	    (encoded[len-2] == '=') &&
592 	    (encoded[len-3] == '='))
593 		encoded[len-3] = '\0';
594 	blen = uudecode(encoded, blob, sizeof(blob));
595 	if (blen < 0)
596 		fatal("uudecode failed.");
597 	if (*private)
598 		*k = do_convert_private_ssh2_from_blob(blob, blen);
599 	else if ((r = sshkey_from_blob(blob, blen, k)) != 0)
600 		fatal("decode blob failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
601 	fclose(fp);
602 }
603 
604 static void
605 do_convert_from_pkcs8(struct sshkey **k, int *private)
606 {
607 	EVP_PKEY *pubkey;
608 	FILE *fp;
609 
610 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
611 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
612 	if ((pubkey = PEM_read_PUBKEY(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL)) == NULL) {
613 		fatal("%s: %s is not a recognised public key format", __func__,
614 		    identity_file);
615 	}
616 	fclose(fp);
617 	switch (EVP_PKEY_type(pubkey->type)) {
618 	case EVP_PKEY_RSA:
619 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
620 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
621 		(*k)->type = KEY_RSA;
622 		(*k)->rsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(pubkey);
623 		break;
624 	case EVP_PKEY_DSA:
625 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
626 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
627 		(*k)->type = KEY_DSA;
628 		(*k)->dsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_DSA(pubkey);
629 		break;
630 	case EVP_PKEY_EC:
631 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
632 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
633 		(*k)->type = KEY_ECDSA;
634 		(*k)->ecdsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(pubkey);
635 		(*k)->ecdsa_nid = sshkey_ecdsa_key_to_nid((*k)->ecdsa);
636 		break;
637 	default:
638 		fatal("%s: unsupported pubkey type %d", __func__,
639 		    EVP_PKEY_type(pubkey->type));
640 	}
641 	EVP_PKEY_free(pubkey);
642 	return;
643 }
644 
645 static void
646 do_convert_from_pem(struct sshkey **k, int *private)
647 {
648 	FILE *fp;
649 	RSA *rsa;
650 #ifdef notyet
651 	DSA *dsa;
652 #endif
653 
654 	if ((fp = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
655 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
656 	if ((rsa = PEM_read_RSAPublicKey(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL)) != NULL) {
657 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
658 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
659 		(*k)->type = KEY_RSA;
660 		(*k)->rsa = rsa;
661 		fclose(fp);
662 		return;
663 	}
664 #if notyet /* OpenSSH 0.9.8 lacks this function */
665 	rewind(fp);
666 	if ((dsa = PEM_read_DSAPublicKey(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL)) != NULL) {
667 		if ((*k = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
668 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
669 		(*k)->type = KEY_DSA;
670 		(*k)->dsa = dsa;
671 		fclose(fp);
672 		return;
673 	}
674 	/* XXX ECDSA */
675 #endif
676 	fatal("%s: unrecognised raw private key format", __func__);
677 }
678 
679 static void
680 do_convert_from(struct passwd *pw)
681 {
682 	struct sshkey *k = NULL;
683 	int r, private = 0, ok = 0;
684 	struct stat st;
685 
686 	if (!have_identity)
687 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
688 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) < 0)
689 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
690 
691 	switch (convert_format) {
692 	case FMT_RFC4716:
693 		do_convert_from_ssh2(pw, &k, &private);
694 		break;
695 	case FMT_PKCS8:
696 		do_convert_from_pkcs8(&k, &private);
697 		break;
698 	case FMT_PEM:
699 		do_convert_from_pem(&k, &private);
700 		break;
701 	default:
702 		fatal("%s: unknown key format %d", __func__, convert_format);
703 	}
704 
705 	if (!private) {
706 		if ((r = sshkey_write(k, stdout)) == 0)
707 			ok = 1;
708 		if (ok)
709 			fprintf(stdout, "\n");
710 	} else {
711 		switch (k->type) {
712 		case KEY_DSA:
713 			ok = PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey(stdout, k->dsa, NULL,
714 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
715 			break;
716 		case KEY_ECDSA:
717 			ok = PEM_write_ECPrivateKey(stdout, k->ecdsa, NULL,
718 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
719 			break;
720 		case KEY_RSA:
721 			ok = PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey(stdout, k->rsa, NULL,
722 			    NULL, 0, NULL, NULL);
723 			break;
724 		default:
725 			fatal("%s: unsupported key type %s", __func__,
726 			    sshkey_type(k));
727 		}
728 	}
729 
730 	if (!ok)
731 		fatal("key write failed");
732 	sshkey_free(k);
733 	exit(0);
734 }
735 #endif
736 
737 static void
738 do_print_public(struct passwd *pw)
739 {
740 	struct sshkey *prv;
741 	struct stat st;
742 	int r;
743 
744 	if (!have_identity)
745 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
746 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) < 0)
747 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
748 	prv = load_identity(identity_file);
749 	if ((r = sshkey_write(prv, stdout)) != 0)
750 		error("key_write failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
751 	sshkey_free(prv);
752 	fprintf(stdout, "\n");
753 	exit(0);
754 }
755 
756 static void
757 do_download(struct passwd *pw)
758 {
759 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
760 	struct sshkey **keys = NULL;
761 	int i, nkeys;
762 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
763 	int fptype;
764 	char *fp, *ra;
765 
766 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
767 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
768 
769 	pkcs11_init(0);
770 	nkeys = pkcs11_add_provider(pkcs11provider, NULL, &keys);
771 	if (nkeys <= 0)
772 		fatal("cannot read public key from pkcs11");
773 	for (i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) {
774 		if (print_fingerprint) {
775 			fp = sshkey_fingerprint(keys[i], fptype, rep);
776 			ra = sshkey_fingerprint(keys[i], fingerprint_hash,
777 			    SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
778 			if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
779 				fatal("%s: sshkey_fingerprint fail", __func__);
780 			printf("%u %s %s (PKCS11 key)\n", sshkey_size(keys[i]),
781 			    fp, sshkey_type(keys[i]));
782 			if (log_level >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
783 				printf("%s\n", ra);
784 			free(ra);
785 			free(fp);
786 		} else {
787 			(void) sshkey_write(keys[i], stdout); /* XXX check */
788 			fprintf(stdout, "\n");
789 		}
790 		sshkey_free(keys[i]);
791 	}
792 	free(keys);
793 	pkcs11_terminate();
794 	exit(0);
795 #else
796 	fatal("no pkcs11 support");
797 #endif /* ENABLE_PKCS11 */
798 }
799 
800 static void
801 do_fingerprint(struct passwd *pw)
802 {
803 	FILE *f;
804 	struct sshkey *public;
805 	char *comment = NULL, *cp, *ep, line[16*1024], *fp, *ra;
806 	int r, i, skip = 0, num = 0, invalid = 1;
807 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
808 	int fptype;
809 	struct stat st;
810 
811 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
812 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
813 	if (!have_identity)
814 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
815 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) < 0)
816 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
817 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(identity_file, &public, &comment)) != 0)
818 		debug2("Error loading public key \"%s\": %s",
819 		    identity_file, ssh_err(r));
820 	else {
821 		fp = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fptype, rep);
822 		ra = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash,
823 		    SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
824 		if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
825 			fatal("%s: sshkey_fingerprint fail", __func__);
826 		printf("%u %s %s (%s)\n", sshkey_size(public), fp, comment,
827 		    sshkey_type(public));
828 		if (log_level >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
829 			printf("%s\n", ra);
830 		sshkey_free(public);
831 		free(comment);
832 		free(ra);
833 		free(fp);
834 		exit(0);
835 	}
836 	if (comment) {
837 		free(comment);
838 		comment = NULL;
839 	}
840 
841 	if ((f = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL)
842 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
843 
844 	while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
845 		if ((cp = strchr(line, '\n')) == NULL) {
846 			error("line %d too long: %.40s...",
847 			    num + 1, line);
848 			skip = 1;
849 			continue;
850 		}
851 		num++;
852 		if (skip) {
853 			skip = 0;
854 			continue;
855 		}
856 		*cp = '\0';
857 
858 		/* Skip leading whitespace, empty and comment lines. */
859 		for (cp = line; *cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t'; cp++)
860 			;
861 		if (!*cp || *cp == '\n' || *cp == '#')
862 			continue;
863 		i = strtol(cp, &ep, 10);
864 		if (i == 0 || ep == NULL || (*ep != ' ' && *ep != '\t')) {
865 			int quoted = 0;
866 			comment = cp;
867 			for (; *cp && (quoted || (*cp != ' ' &&
868 			    *cp != '\t')); cp++) {
869 				if (*cp == '\\' && cp[1] == '"')
870 					cp++;	/* Skip both */
871 				else if (*cp == '"')
872 					quoted = !quoted;
873 			}
874 			if (!*cp)
875 				continue;
876 			*cp++ = '\0';
877 		}
878 		ep = cp;
879 		if ((public = sshkey_new(KEY_RSA1)) == NULL)
880 			fatal("sshkey_new failed");
881 		if ((r = sshkey_read(public, &cp)) != 0) {
882 			cp = ep;
883 			sshkey_free(public);
884 			if ((public = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
885 				fatal("sshkey_new failed");
886 			if ((r = sshkey_read(public, &cp)) != 0) {
887 				sshkey_free(public);
888 				continue;
889 			}
890 		}
891 		comment = *cp ? cp : comment;
892 		fp = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fptype, rep);
893 		ra = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash,
894 		    SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
895 		if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
896 			fatal("%s: sshkey_fingerprint fail", __func__);
897 		printf("%u %s %s (%s)\n", sshkey_size(public), fp,
898 		    comment ? comment : "no comment", sshkey_type(public));
899 		if (log_level >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_VERBOSE)
900 			printf("%s\n", ra);
901 		free(ra);
902 		free(fp);
903 		sshkey_free(public);
904 		invalid = 0;
905 	}
906 	fclose(f);
907 
908 	if (invalid)
909 		fatal("%s is not a public key file.", identity_file);
910 	exit(0);
911 }
912 
913 static void
914 do_gen_all_hostkeys(struct passwd *pw)
915 {
916 	struct {
917 		char *key_type;
918 		char *key_type_display;
919 		char *path;
920 	} key_types[] = {
921 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
922 #ifdef WITH_SSH1
923 		{ "rsa1", "RSA1", _PATH_HOST_KEY_FILE },
924 #endif /* WITH_SSH1 */
925 		{ "rsa", "RSA" ,_PATH_HOST_RSA_KEY_FILE },
926 		{ "dsa", "DSA", _PATH_HOST_DSA_KEY_FILE },
927 		{ "ecdsa", "ECDSA",_PATH_HOST_ECDSA_KEY_FILE },
928 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
929 		{ "ed25519", "ED25519",_PATH_HOST_ED25519_KEY_FILE },
930 		{ NULL, NULL, NULL }
931 	};
932 
933 	int first = 0;
934 	struct stat st;
935 	struct sshkey *private, *public;
936 	char comment[1024];
937 	int i, type, fd, r;
938 	FILE *f;
939 
940 	for (i = 0; key_types[i].key_type; i++) {
941 		if (stat(key_types[i].path, &st) == 0)
942 			continue;
943 		if (errno != ENOENT) {
944 			error("Could not stat %s: %s", key_types[i].path,
945 			    strerror(errno));
946 			first = 0;
947 			continue;
948 		}
949 
950 		if (first == 0) {
951 			first = 1;
952 			printf("%s: generating new host keys: ", __progname);
953 		}
954 		printf("%s ", key_types[i].key_type_display);
955 		fflush(stdout);
956 		type = sshkey_type_from_name(key_types[i].key_type);
957 		strlcpy(identity_file, key_types[i].path, sizeof(identity_file));
958 		bits = 0;
959 		type_bits_valid(type, NULL, &bits);
960 		if ((r = sshkey_generate(type, bits, &private)) != 0) {
961 			error("key_generate failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
962 			first = 0;
963 			continue;
964 		}
965 		if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
966 			fatal("sshkey_from_private failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
967 		snprintf(comment, sizeof comment, "%s@%s", pw->pw_name,
968 		    hostname);
969 		if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, "",
970 		    comment, use_new_format, new_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
971 			error("Saving key \"%s\" failed: %s",
972 			    identity_file, ssh_err(r));
973 			sshkey_free(private);
974 			sshkey_free(public);
975 			first = 0;
976 			continue;
977 		}
978 		sshkey_free(private);
979 		strlcat(identity_file, ".pub", sizeof(identity_file));
980 		fd = open(identity_file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
981 		if (fd == -1) {
982 			error("Could not save your public key in %s",
983 			    identity_file);
984 			sshkey_free(public);
985 			first = 0;
986 			continue;
987 		}
988 		f = fdopen(fd, "w");
989 		if (f == NULL) {
990 			error("fdopen %s failed", identity_file);
991 			close(fd);
992 			sshkey_free(public);
993 			first = 0;
994 			continue;
995 		}
996 		if ((r = sshkey_write(public, f)) != 0) {
997 			error("write key failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
998 			fclose(f);
999 			sshkey_free(public);
1000 			first = 0;
1001 			continue;
1002 		}
1003 		fprintf(f, " %s\n", comment);
1004 		fclose(f);
1005 		sshkey_free(public);
1006 
1007 	}
1008 	if (first != 0)
1009 		printf("\n");
1010 }
1011 
1012 struct known_hosts_ctx {
1013 	const char *host;	/* Hostname searched for in find/delete case */
1014 	FILE *out;		/* Output file, stdout for find_hosts case */
1015 	int has_unhashed;	/* When hashing, original had unhashed hosts */
1016 	int found_key;		/* For find/delete, host was found */
1017 	int invalid;		/* File contained invalid items; don't delete */
1018 };
1019 
1020 static int
1021 known_hosts_hash(struct hostkey_foreach_line *l, void *_ctx)
1022 {
1023 	struct known_hosts_ctx *ctx = (struct known_hosts_ctx *)_ctx;
1024 	char *hashed, *cp, *hosts, *ohosts;
1025 	int has_wild = l->hosts && strcspn(l->hosts, "*?!") != strlen(l->hosts);
1026 
1027 	switch (l->status) {
1028 	case HKF_STATUS_OK:
1029 	case HKF_STATUS_MATCHED:
1030 		/*
1031 		 * Don't hash hosts already already hashed, with wildcard
1032 		 * characters or a CA/revocation marker.
1033 		 */
1034 		if ((l->match & HKF_MATCH_HOST_HASHED) != 0 ||
1035 		    has_wild || l->marker != MRK_NONE) {
1036 			fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1037 			if (has_wild && !find_host) {
1038 				logit("%s:%ld: ignoring host name "
1039 				    "with wildcard: %.64s", l->path,
1040 				    l->linenum, l->hosts);
1041 			}
1042 			return 0;
1043 		}
1044 		/*
1045 		 * Split any comma-separated hostnames from the host list,
1046 		 * hash and store separately.
1047 		 */
1048 		ohosts = hosts = xstrdup(l->hosts);
1049 		while ((cp = strsep(&hosts, ",")) != NULL && *cp != '\0') {
1050 			if ((hashed = host_hash(cp, NULL, 0)) == NULL)
1051 				fatal("hash_host failed");
1052 			fprintf(ctx->out, "%s %s\n", hashed, l->rawkey);
1053 			ctx->has_unhashed = 1;
1054 		}
1055 		free(ohosts);
1056 		return 0;
1057 	case HKF_STATUS_INVALID:
1058 		/* Retain invalid lines, but mark file as invalid. */
1059 		ctx->invalid = 1;
1060 		logit("%s:%ld: invalid line", l->path, l->linenum);
1061 		/* FALLTHROUGH */
1062 	default:
1063 		fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1064 		return 0;
1065 	}
1066 	/* NOTREACHED */
1067 	return -1;
1068 }
1069 
1070 static int
1071 known_hosts_find_delete(struct hostkey_foreach_line *l, void *_ctx)
1072 {
1073 	struct known_hosts_ctx *ctx = (struct known_hosts_ctx *)_ctx;
1074 	enum sshkey_fp_rep rep;
1075 	int fptype;
1076 	char *fp;
1077 
1078 	fptype = print_bubblebabble ? SSH_DIGEST_SHA1 : fingerprint_hash;
1079 	rep =    print_bubblebabble ? SSH_FP_BUBBLEBABBLE : SSH_FP_DEFAULT;
1080 
1081 	if (l->status == HKF_STATUS_MATCHED) {
1082 		if (delete_host) {
1083 			if (l->marker != MRK_NONE) {
1084 				/* Don't remove CA and revocation lines */
1085 				fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1086 			} else {
1087 				/*
1088 				 * Hostname matches and has no CA/revoke
1089 				 * marker, delete it by *not* writing the
1090 				 * line to ctx->out.
1091 				 */
1092 				ctx->found_key = 1;
1093 				if (!quiet)
1094 					printf("# Host %s found: line %ld\n",
1095 					    ctx->host, l->linenum);
1096 			}
1097 			return 0;
1098 		} else if (find_host) {
1099 			ctx->found_key = 1;
1100 			if (!quiet) {
1101 				printf("# Host %s found: line %ld %s\n",
1102 				    ctx->host,
1103 				    l->linenum, l->marker == MRK_CA ? "CA" :
1104 				    (l->marker == MRK_REVOKE ? "REVOKED" : ""));
1105 			}
1106 			if (hash_hosts)
1107 				known_hosts_hash(l, ctx);
1108 			else if (print_fingerprint) {
1109 				fp = sshkey_fingerprint(l->key, fptype, rep);
1110 				printf("%s %s %s %s\n", ctx->host,
1111 				    sshkey_type(l->key), fp, l->comment);
1112 				free(fp);
1113 			} else
1114 				fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1115 			return 0;
1116 		}
1117 	} else if (delete_host) {
1118 		/* Retain non-matching hosts when deleting */
1119 		if (l->status == HKF_STATUS_INVALID) {
1120 			ctx->invalid = 1;
1121 			logit("%s:%ld: invalid line", l->path, l->linenum);
1122 		}
1123 		fprintf(ctx->out, "%s\n", l->line);
1124 	}
1125 	return 0;
1126 }
1127 
1128 static void
1129 do_known_hosts(struct passwd *pw, const char *name)
1130 {
1131 	char *cp, tmp[PATH_MAX], old[PATH_MAX];
1132 	int r, fd, oerrno, inplace = 0;
1133 	struct known_hosts_ctx ctx;
1134 	u_int foreach_options;
1135 
1136 	if (!have_identity) {
1137 		cp = tilde_expand_filename(_PATH_SSH_USER_HOSTFILE, pw->pw_uid);
1138 		if (strlcpy(identity_file, cp, sizeof(identity_file)) >=
1139 		    sizeof(identity_file))
1140 			fatal("Specified known hosts path too long");
1141 		free(cp);
1142 		have_identity = 1;
1143 	}
1144 
1145 	memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
1146 	ctx.out = stdout;
1147 	ctx.host = name;
1148 
1149 	/*
1150 	 * Find hosts goes to stdout, hash and deletions happen in-place
1151 	 * A corner case is ssh-keygen -HF foo, which should go to stdout
1152 	 */
1153 	if (!find_host && (hash_hosts || delete_host)) {
1154 		if (strlcpy(tmp, identity_file, sizeof(tmp)) >= sizeof(tmp) ||
1155 		    strlcat(tmp, ".XXXXXXXXXX", sizeof(tmp)) >= sizeof(tmp) ||
1156 		    strlcpy(old, identity_file, sizeof(old)) >= sizeof(old) ||
1157 		    strlcat(old, ".old", sizeof(old)) >= sizeof(old))
1158 			fatal("known_hosts path too long");
1159 		umask(077);
1160 		if ((fd = mkstemp(tmp)) == -1)
1161 			fatal("mkstemp: %s", strerror(errno));
1162 		if ((ctx.out = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL) {
1163 			oerrno = errno;
1164 			unlink(tmp);
1165 			fatal("fdopen: %s", strerror(oerrno));
1166 		}
1167 		inplace = 1;
1168 	}
1169 
1170 	/* XXX support identity_file == "-" for stdin */
1171 	foreach_options = find_host ? HKF_WANT_MATCH : 0;
1172 	foreach_options |= print_fingerprint ? HKF_WANT_PARSE_KEY : 0;
1173 	if ((r = hostkeys_foreach(identity_file,
1174 	    hash_hosts ? known_hosts_hash : known_hosts_find_delete, &ctx,
1175 	    name, NULL, foreach_options)) != 0)
1176 		fatal("%s: hostkeys_foreach failed: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
1177 
1178 	if (inplace)
1179 		fclose(ctx.out);
1180 
1181 	if (ctx.invalid) {
1182 		error("%s is not a valid known_hosts file.", identity_file);
1183 		if (inplace) {
1184 			error("Not replacing existing known_hosts "
1185 			    "file because of errors");
1186 			unlink(tmp);
1187 		}
1188 		exit(1);
1189 	} else if (delete_host && !ctx.found_key) {
1190 		logit("Host %s not found in %s", name, identity_file);
1191 		unlink(tmp);
1192 	} else if (inplace) {
1193 		/* Backup existing file */
1194 		if (unlink(old) == -1 && errno != ENOENT)
1195 			fatal("unlink %.100s: %s", old, strerror(errno));
1196 		if (link(identity_file, old) == -1)
1197 			fatal("link %.100s to %.100s: %s", identity_file, old,
1198 			    strerror(errno));
1199 		/* Move new one into place */
1200 		if (rename(tmp, identity_file) == -1) {
1201 			error("rename\"%s\" to \"%s\": %s", tmp, identity_file,
1202 			    strerror(errno));
1203 			unlink(tmp);
1204 			unlink(old);
1205 			exit(1);
1206 		}
1207 
1208 		printf("%s updated.\n", identity_file);
1209 		printf("Original contents retained as %s\n", old);
1210 		if (ctx.has_unhashed) {
1211 			logit("WARNING: %s contains unhashed entries", old);
1212 			logit("Delete this file to ensure privacy "
1213 			    "of hostnames");
1214 		}
1215 	}
1216 
1217 	exit (find_host && !ctx.found_key);
1218 }
1219 
1220 /*
1221  * Perform changing a passphrase.  The argument is the passwd structure
1222  * for the current user.
1223  */
1224 static void
1225 do_change_passphrase(struct passwd *pw)
1226 {
1227 	char *comment;
1228 	char *old_passphrase, *passphrase1, *passphrase2;
1229 	struct stat st;
1230 	struct sshkey *private;
1231 	int r;
1232 
1233 	if (!have_identity)
1234 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
1235 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) < 0)
1236 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1237 	/* Try to load the file with empty passphrase. */
1238 	r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, "", &private, &comment);
1239 	if (r == SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE) {
1240 		if (identity_passphrase)
1241 			old_passphrase = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
1242 		else
1243 			old_passphrase =
1244 			    read_passphrase("Enter old passphrase: ",
1245 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1246 		r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, old_passphrase,
1247 		    &private, &comment);
1248 		explicit_bzero(old_passphrase, strlen(old_passphrase));
1249 		free(old_passphrase);
1250 		if (r != 0)
1251 			goto badkey;
1252 	} else if (r != 0) {
1253  badkey:
1254 		fatal("Failed to load key %s: %s", identity_file, ssh_err(r));
1255 	}
1256 	if (comment)
1257 		printf("Key has comment '%s'\n", comment);
1258 
1259 	/* Ask the new passphrase (twice). */
1260 	if (identity_new_passphrase) {
1261 		passphrase1 = xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
1262 		passphrase2 = NULL;
1263 	} else {
1264 		passphrase1 =
1265 			read_passphrase("Enter new passphrase (empty for no "
1266 			    "passphrase): ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1267 		passphrase2 = read_passphrase("Enter same passphrase again: ",
1268 		    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1269 
1270 		/* Verify that they are the same. */
1271 		if (strcmp(passphrase1, passphrase2) != 0) {
1272 			explicit_bzero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1273 			explicit_bzero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
1274 			free(passphrase1);
1275 			free(passphrase2);
1276 			printf("Pass phrases do not match.  Try again.\n");
1277 			exit(1);
1278 		}
1279 		/* Destroy the other copy. */
1280 		explicit_bzero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
1281 		free(passphrase2);
1282 	}
1283 
1284 	/* Save the file using the new passphrase. */
1285 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase1,
1286 	    comment, use_new_format, new_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
1287 		error("Saving key \"%s\" failed: %s.",
1288 		    identity_file, ssh_err(r));
1289 		explicit_bzero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1290 		free(passphrase1);
1291 		sshkey_free(private);
1292 		free(comment);
1293 		exit(1);
1294 	}
1295 	/* Destroy the passphrase and the copy of the key in memory. */
1296 	explicit_bzero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
1297 	free(passphrase1);
1298 	sshkey_free(private);		 /* Destroys contents */
1299 	free(comment);
1300 
1301 	printf("Your identification has been saved with the new passphrase.\n");
1302 	exit(0);
1303 }
1304 
1305 /*
1306  * Print the SSHFP RR.
1307  */
1308 static int
1309 do_print_resource_record(struct passwd *pw, char *fname, char *hname)
1310 {
1311 	struct sshkey *public;
1312 	char *comment = NULL;
1313 	struct stat st;
1314 	int r;
1315 
1316 	if (fname == NULL)
1317 		fatal("%s: no filename", __func__);
1318 	if (stat(fname, &st) < 0) {
1319 		if (errno == ENOENT)
1320 			return 0;
1321 		fatal("%s: %s", fname, strerror(errno));
1322 	}
1323 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(fname, &public, &comment)) != 0)
1324 		fatal("Failed to read v2 public key from \"%s\": %s.",
1325 		    fname, ssh_err(r));
1326 	export_dns_rr(hname, public, stdout, print_generic);
1327 	sshkey_free(public);
1328 	free(comment);
1329 	return 1;
1330 }
1331 
1332 /*
1333  * Change the comment of a private key file.
1334  */
1335 static void
1336 do_change_comment(struct passwd *pw)
1337 {
1338 	char new_comment[1024], *comment, *passphrase;
1339 	struct sshkey *private;
1340 	struct sshkey *public;
1341 	struct stat st;
1342 	FILE *f;
1343 	int r, fd;
1344 
1345 	if (!have_identity)
1346 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
1347 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) < 0)
1348 		fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1349 	if ((r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, "",
1350 	    &private, &comment)) == 0)
1351 		passphrase = xstrdup("");
1352 	else if (r != SSH_ERR_KEY_WRONG_PASSPHRASE)
1353 		fatal("Cannot load private key \"%s\": %s.",
1354 		    identity_file, ssh_err(r));
1355 	else {
1356 		if (identity_passphrase)
1357 			passphrase = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
1358 		else if (identity_new_passphrase)
1359 			passphrase = xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
1360 		else
1361 			passphrase = read_passphrase("Enter passphrase: ",
1362 			    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
1363 		/* Try to load using the passphrase. */
1364 		if ((r = sshkey_load_private(identity_file, passphrase,
1365 		    &private, &comment)) != 0) {
1366 			explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1367 			free(passphrase);
1368 			fatal("Cannot load private key \"%s\": %s.",
1369 			    identity_file, ssh_err(r));
1370 		}
1371 	}
1372 	/* XXX what about new-format keys? */
1373 	if (private->type != KEY_RSA1) {
1374 		error("Comments are only supported for RSA1 keys.");
1375 		explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1376 		sshkey_free(private);
1377 		exit(1);
1378 	}
1379 	printf("Key now has comment '%s'\n", comment);
1380 
1381 	if (identity_comment) {
1382 		strlcpy(new_comment, identity_comment, sizeof(new_comment));
1383 	} else {
1384 		printf("Enter new comment: ");
1385 		fflush(stdout);
1386 		if (!fgets(new_comment, sizeof(new_comment), stdin)) {
1387 			explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1388 			sshkey_free(private);
1389 			exit(1);
1390 		}
1391 		new_comment[strcspn(new_comment, "\n")] = '\0';
1392 	}
1393 
1394 	/* Save the file using the new passphrase. */
1395 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase,
1396 	    new_comment, use_new_format, new_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
1397 		error("Saving key \"%s\" failed: %s",
1398 		    identity_file, ssh_err(r));
1399 		explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1400 		free(passphrase);
1401 		sshkey_free(private);
1402 		free(comment);
1403 		exit(1);
1404 	}
1405 	explicit_bzero(passphrase, strlen(passphrase));
1406 	free(passphrase);
1407 	if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
1408 		fatal("key_from_private failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
1409 	sshkey_free(private);
1410 
1411 	strlcat(identity_file, ".pub", sizeof(identity_file));
1412 	fd = open(identity_file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, 0644);
1413 	if (fd == -1)
1414 		fatal("Could not save your public key in %s", identity_file);
1415 	f = fdopen(fd, "w");
1416 	if (f == NULL)
1417 		fatal("fdopen %s failed: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
1418 	if ((r = sshkey_write(public, f)) != 0)
1419 		fatal("write key failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
1420 	sshkey_free(public);
1421 	fprintf(f, " %s\n", new_comment);
1422 	fclose(f);
1423 
1424 	free(comment);
1425 
1426 	printf("The comment in your key file has been changed.\n");
1427 	exit(0);
1428 }
1429 
1430 static const char *
1431 fmt_validity(u_int64_t valid_from, u_int64_t valid_to)
1432 {
1433 	char from[32], to[32];
1434 	static char ret[64];
1435 	time_t tt;
1436 	struct tm *tm;
1437 
1438 	*from = *to = '\0';
1439 	if (valid_from == 0 && valid_to == 0xffffffffffffffffULL)
1440 		return "forever";
1441 
1442 	if (valid_from != 0) {
1443 		/* XXX revisit INT_MAX in 2038 :) */
1444 		tt = valid_from > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : valid_from;
1445 		tm = localtime(&tt);
1446 		strftime(from, sizeof(from), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", tm);
1447 	}
1448 	if (valid_to != 0xffffffffffffffffULL) {
1449 		/* XXX revisit INT_MAX in 2038 :) */
1450 		tt = valid_to > INT_MAX ? INT_MAX : valid_to;
1451 		tm = localtime(&tt);
1452 		strftime(to, sizeof(to), "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", tm);
1453 	}
1454 
1455 	if (valid_from == 0) {
1456 		snprintf(ret, sizeof(ret), "before %s", to);
1457 		return ret;
1458 	}
1459 	if (valid_to == 0xffffffffffffffffULL) {
1460 		snprintf(ret, sizeof(ret), "after %s", from);
1461 		return ret;
1462 	}
1463 
1464 	snprintf(ret, sizeof(ret), "from %s to %s", from, to);
1465 	return ret;
1466 }
1467 
1468 static void
1469 add_flag_option(struct sshbuf *c, const char *name)
1470 {
1471 	int r;
1472 
1473 	debug3("%s: %s", __func__, name);
1474 	if ((r = sshbuf_put_cstring(c, name)) != 0 ||
1475 	    (r = sshbuf_put_string(c, NULL, 0)) != 0)
1476 		fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
1477 }
1478 
1479 static void
1480 add_string_option(struct sshbuf *c, const char *name, const char *value)
1481 {
1482 	struct sshbuf *b;
1483 	int r;
1484 
1485 	debug3("%s: %s=%s", __func__, name, value);
1486 	if ((b = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1487 		fatal("%s: sshbuf_new failed", __func__);
1488 	if ((r = sshbuf_put_cstring(b, value)) != 0 ||
1489 	    (r = sshbuf_put_cstring(c, name)) != 0 ||
1490 	    (r = sshbuf_put_stringb(c, b)) != 0)
1491 		fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
1492 
1493 	sshbuf_free(b);
1494 }
1495 
1496 #define OPTIONS_CRITICAL	1
1497 #define OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS	2
1498 static void
1499 prepare_options_buf(struct sshbuf *c, int which)
1500 {
1501 	sshbuf_reset(c);
1502 	if ((which & OPTIONS_CRITICAL) != 0 &&
1503 	    certflags_command != NULL)
1504 		add_string_option(c, "force-command", certflags_command);
1505 	if ((which & OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS) != 0 &&
1506 	    (certflags_flags & CERTOPT_X_FWD) != 0)
1507 		add_flag_option(c, "permit-X11-forwarding");
1508 	if ((which & OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS) != 0 &&
1509 	    (certflags_flags & CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD) != 0)
1510 		add_flag_option(c, "permit-agent-forwarding");
1511 	if ((which & OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS) != 0 &&
1512 	    (certflags_flags & CERTOPT_PORT_FWD) != 0)
1513 		add_flag_option(c, "permit-port-forwarding");
1514 	if ((which & OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS) != 0 &&
1515 	    (certflags_flags & CERTOPT_PTY) != 0)
1516 		add_flag_option(c, "permit-pty");
1517 	if ((which & OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS) != 0 &&
1518 	    (certflags_flags & CERTOPT_USER_RC) != 0)
1519 		add_flag_option(c, "permit-user-rc");
1520 	if ((which & OPTIONS_CRITICAL) != 0 &&
1521 	    certflags_src_addr != NULL)
1522 		add_string_option(c, "source-address", certflags_src_addr);
1523 }
1524 
1525 static struct sshkey *
1526 load_pkcs11_key(char *path)
1527 {
1528 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1529 	struct sshkey **keys = NULL, *public, *private = NULL;
1530 	int r, i, nkeys;
1531 
1532 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(path, &public, NULL)) != 0)
1533 		fatal("Couldn't load CA public key \"%s\": %s",
1534 		    path, ssh_err(r));
1535 
1536 	nkeys = pkcs11_add_provider(pkcs11provider, identity_passphrase, &keys);
1537 	debug3("%s: %d keys", __func__, nkeys);
1538 	if (nkeys <= 0)
1539 		fatal("cannot read public key from pkcs11");
1540 	for (i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) {
1541 		if (sshkey_equal_public(public, keys[i])) {
1542 			private = keys[i];
1543 			continue;
1544 		}
1545 		sshkey_free(keys[i]);
1546 	}
1547 	free(keys);
1548 	sshkey_free(public);
1549 	return private;
1550 #else
1551 	fatal("no pkcs11 support");
1552 #endif /* ENABLE_PKCS11 */
1553 }
1554 
1555 static void
1556 do_ca_sign(struct passwd *pw, int argc, char **argv)
1557 {
1558 	int r, i, fd;
1559 	u_int n;
1560 	struct sshkey *ca, *public;
1561 	char *otmp, *tmp, *cp, *out, *comment, **plist = NULL;
1562 	FILE *f;
1563 	int v00 = 0; /* legacy keys */
1564 
1565 	if (key_type_name != NULL) {
1566 		switch (sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name)) {
1567 		case KEY_RSA_CERT_V00:
1568 		case KEY_DSA_CERT_V00:
1569 			v00 = 1;
1570 			break;
1571 		case KEY_UNSPEC:
1572 			if (strcasecmp(key_type_name, "v00") == 0) {
1573 				v00 = 1;
1574 				break;
1575 			} else if (strcasecmp(key_type_name, "v01") == 0)
1576 				break;
1577 			/* FALLTHROUGH */
1578 		default:
1579 			fatal("unknown key type %s", key_type_name);
1580 		}
1581 	}
1582 
1583 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1584 	pkcs11_init(1);
1585 #endif
1586 	tmp = tilde_expand_filename(ca_key_path, pw->pw_uid);
1587 	if (pkcs11provider != NULL) {
1588 		if ((ca = load_pkcs11_key(tmp)) == NULL)
1589 			fatal("No PKCS#11 key matching %s found", ca_key_path);
1590 	} else
1591 		ca = load_identity(tmp);
1592 	free(tmp);
1593 
1594 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
1595 		/* Split list of principals */
1596 		n = 0;
1597 		if (cert_principals != NULL) {
1598 			otmp = tmp = xstrdup(cert_principals);
1599 			plist = NULL;
1600 			for (; (cp = strsep(&tmp, ",")) != NULL; n++) {
1601 				plist = xreallocarray(plist, n + 1, sizeof(*plist));
1602 				if (*(plist[n] = xstrdup(cp)) == '\0')
1603 					fatal("Empty principal name");
1604 			}
1605 			free(otmp);
1606 		}
1607 
1608 		tmp = tilde_expand_filename(argv[i], pw->pw_uid);
1609 		if ((r = sshkey_load_public(tmp, &public, &comment)) != 0)
1610 			fatal("%s: unable to open \"%s\": %s",
1611 			    __func__, tmp, ssh_err(r));
1612 		if (public->type != KEY_RSA && public->type != KEY_DSA &&
1613 		    public->type != KEY_ECDSA && public->type != KEY_ED25519)
1614 			fatal("%s: key \"%s\" type %s cannot be certified",
1615 			    __func__, tmp, sshkey_type(public));
1616 
1617 		/* Prepare certificate to sign */
1618 		if ((r = sshkey_to_certified(public, v00)) != 0)
1619 			fatal("Could not upgrade key %s to certificate: %s",
1620 			    tmp, ssh_err(r));
1621 		public->cert->type = cert_key_type;
1622 		public->cert->serial = (u_int64_t)cert_serial;
1623 		public->cert->key_id = xstrdup(cert_key_id);
1624 		public->cert->nprincipals = n;
1625 		public->cert->principals = plist;
1626 		public->cert->valid_after = cert_valid_from;
1627 		public->cert->valid_before = cert_valid_to;
1628 		if (v00) {
1629 			prepare_options_buf(public->cert->critical,
1630 			    OPTIONS_CRITICAL|OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS);
1631 		} else {
1632 			prepare_options_buf(public->cert->critical,
1633 			    OPTIONS_CRITICAL);
1634 			prepare_options_buf(public->cert->extensions,
1635 			    OPTIONS_EXTENSIONS);
1636 		}
1637 		if ((r = sshkey_from_private(ca,
1638 		    &public->cert->signature_key)) != 0)
1639 			fatal("key_from_private (ca key): %s", ssh_err(r));
1640 
1641 		if (sshkey_certify(public, ca) != 0)
1642 			fatal("Couldn't not certify key %s", tmp);
1643 
1644 		if ((cp = strrchr(tmp, '.')) != NULL && strcmp(cp, ".pub") == 0)
1645 			*cp = '\0';
1646 		xasprintf(&out, "%s-cert.pub", tmp);
1647 		free(tmp);
1648 
1649 		if ((fd = open(out, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0644)) == -1)
1650 			fatal("Could not open \"%s\" for writing: %s", out,
1651 			    strerror(errno));
1652 		if ((f = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL)
1653 			fatal("%s: fdopen: %s", __func__, strerror(errno));
1654 		if ((r = sshkey_write(public, f)) != 0)
1655 			fatal("Could not write certified key to %s: %s",
1656 			    out, ssh_err(r));
1657 		fprintf(f, " %s\n", comment);
1658 		fclose(f);
1659 
1660 		if (!quiet) {
1661 			logit("Signed %s key %s: id \"%s\" serial %llu%s%s "
1662 			    "valid %s", sshkey_cert_type(public),
1663 			    out, public->cert->key_id,
1664 			    (unsigned long long)public->cert->serial,
1665 			    cert_principals != NULL ? " for " : "",
1666 			    cert_principals != NULL ? cert_principals : "",
1667 			    fmt_validity(cert_valid_from, cert_valid_to));
1668 		}
1669 
1670 		sshkey_free(public);
1671 		free(out);
1672 	}
1673 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
1674 	pkcs11_terminate();
1675 #endif
1676 	exit(0);
1677 }
1678 
1679 static u_int64_t
1680 parse_relative_time(const char *s, time_t now)
1681 {
1682 	int64_t mul, secs;
1683 
1684 	mul = *s == '-' ? -1 : 1;
1685 
1686 	if ((secs = convtime(s + 1)) == -1)
1687 		fatal("Invalid relative certificate time %s", s);
1688 	if (mul == -1 && secs > now)
1689 		fatal("Certificate time %s cannot be represented", s);
1690 	return now + (u_int64_t)(secs * mul);
1691 }
1692 
1693 static u_int64_t
1694 parse_absolute_time(const char *s)
1695 {
1696 	struct tm tm;
1697 	time_t tt;
1698 	char buf[32], *fmt;
1699 
1700 	/*
1701 	 * POSIX strptime says "The application shall ensure that there
1702 	 * is white-space or other non-alphanumeric characters between
1703 	 * any two conversion specifications" so arrange things this way.
1704 	 */
1705 	switch (strlen(s)) {
1706 	case 8:
1707 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%d";
1708 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2s", s, s + 4, s + 6);
1709 		break;
1710 	case 14:
1711 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S";
1712 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2sT%.2s:%.2s:%.2s",
1713 		    s, s + 4, s + 6, s + 8, s + 10, s + 12);
1714 		break;
1715 	default:
1716 		fatal("Invalid certificate time format %s", s);
1717 	}
1718 
1719 	memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(tm));
1720 	if (strptime(buf, fmt, &tm) == NULL)
1721 		fatal("Invalid certificate time %s", s);
1722 	if ((tt = mktime(&tm)) < 0)
1723 		fatal("Certificate time %s cannot be represented", s);
1724 	return (u_int64_t)tt;
1725 }
1726 
1727 static void
1728 parse_cert_times(char *timespec)
1729 {
1730 	char *from, *to;
1731 	time_t now = time(NULL);
1732 	int64_t secs;
1733 
1734 	/* +timespec relative to now */
1735 	if (*timespec == '+' && strchr(timespec, ':') == NULL) {
1736 		if ((secs = convtime(timespec + 1)) == -1)
1737 			fatal("Invalid relative certificate life %s", timespec);
1738 		cert_valid_to = now + secs;
1739 		/*
1740 		 * Backdate certificate one minute to avoid problems on hosts
1741 		 * with poorly-synchronised clocks.
1742 		 */
1743 		cert_valid_from = ((now - 59)/ 60) * 60;
1744 		return;
1745 	}
1746 
1747 	/*
1748 	 * from:to, where
1749 	 * from := [+-]timespec | YYYYMMDD | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
1750 	 *   to := [+-]timespec | YYYYMMDD | YYYYMMDDHHMMSS
1751 	 */
1752 	from = xstrdup(timespec);
1753 	to = strchr(from, ':');
1754 	if (to == NULL || from == to || *(to + 1) == '\0')
1755 		fatal("Invalid certificate life specification %s", timespec);
1756 	*to++ = '\0';
1757 
1758 	if (*from == '-' || *from == '+')
1759 		cert_valid_from = parse_relative_time(from, now);
1760 	else
1761 		cert_valid_from = parse_absolute_time(from);
1762 
1763 	if (*to == '-' || *to == '+')
1764 		cert_valid_to = parse_relative_time(to, now);
1765 	else
1766 		cert_valid_to = parse_absolute_time(to);
1767 
1768 	if (cert_valid_to <= cert_valid_from)
1769 		fatal("Empty certificate validity interval");
1770 	free(from);
1771 }
1772 
1773 static void
1774 add_cert_option(char *opt)
1775 {
1776 	char *val;
1777 
1778 	if (strcasecmp(opt, "clear") == 0)
1779 		certflags_flags = 0;
1780 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-x11-forwarding") == 0)
1781 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_X_FWD;
1782 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-x11-forwarding") == 0)
1783 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_X_FWD;
1784 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-agent-forwarding") == 0)
1785 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD;
1786 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-agent-forwarding") == 0)
1787 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_AGENT_FWD;
1788 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-port-forwarding") == 0)
1789 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_PORT_FWD;
1790 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-port-forwarding") == 0)
1791 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_PORT_FWD;
1792 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-pty") == 0)
1793 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_PTY;
1794 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-pty") == 0)
1795 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_PTY;
1796 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "no-user-rc") == 0)
1797 		certflags_flags &= ~CERTOPT_USER_RC;
1798 	else if (strcasecmp(opt, "permit-user-rc") == 0)
1799 		certflags_flags |= CERTOPT_USER_RC;
1800 	else if (strncasecmp(opt, "force-command=", 14) == 0) {
1801 		val = opt + 14;
1802 		if (*val == '\0')
1803 			fatal("Empty force-command option");
1804 		if (certflags_command != NULL)
1805 			fatal("force-command already specified");
1806 		certflags_command = xstrdup(val);
1807 	} else if (strncasecmp(opt, "source-address=", 15) == 0) {
1808 		val = opt + 15;
1809 		if (*val == '\0')
1810 			fatal("Empty source-address option");
1811 		if (certflags_src_addr != NULL)
1812 			fatal("source-address already specified");
1813 		if (addr_match_cidr_list(NULL, val) != 0)
1814 			fatal("Invalid source-address list");
1815 		certflags_src_addr = xstrdup(val);
1816 	} else
1817 		fatal("Unsupported certificate option \"%s\"", opt);
1818 }
1819 
1820 static void
1821 show_options(struct sshbuf *optbuf, int v00, int in_critical)
1822 {
1823 	char *name, *arg;
1824 	struct sshbuf *options, *option = NULL;
1825 	int r;
1826 
1827 	if ((options = sshbuf_fromb(optbuf)) == NULL)
1828 		fatal("%s: sshbuf_fromb failed", __func__);
1829 	while (sshbuf_len(options) != 0) {
1830 		sshbuf_free(option);
1831 		option = NULL;
1832 		if ((r = sshbuf_get_cstring(options, &name, NULL)) != 0 ||
1833 		    (r = sshbuf_froms(options, &option)) != 0)
1834 			fatal("%s: buffer error: %s", __func__, ssh_err(r));
1835 		printf("                %s", name);
1836 		if ((v00 || !in_critical) &&
1837 		    (strcmp(name, "permit-X11-forwarding") == 0 ||
1838 		    strcmp(name, "permit-agent-forwarding") == 0 ||
1839 		    strcmp(name, "permit-port-forwarding") == 0 ||
1840 		    strcmp(name, "permit-pty") == 0 ||
1841 		    strcmp(name, "permit-user-rc") == 0))
1842 			printf("\n");
1843 		else if ((v00 || in_critical) &&
1844 		    (strcmp(name, "force-command") == 0 ||
1845 		    strcmp(name, "source-address") == 0)) {
1846 			if ((r = sshbuf_get_cstring(option, &arg, NULL)) != 0)
1847 				fatal("%s: buffer error: %s",
1848 				    __func__, ssh_err(r));
1849 			printf(" %s\n", arg);
1850 			free(arg);
1851 		} else {
1852 			printf(" UNKNOWN OPTION (len %zu)\n",
1853 			    sshbuf_len(option));
1854 			sshbuf_reset(option);
1855 		}
1856 		free(name);
1857 		if (sshbuf_len(option) != 0)
1858 			fatal("Option corrupt: extra data at end");
1859 	}
1860 	sshbuf_free(option);
1861 	sshbuf_free(options);
1862 }
1863 
1864 static void
1865 do_show_cert(struct passwd *pw)
1866 {
1867 	struct sshkey *key;
1868 	struct stat st;
1869 	char *key_fp, *ca_fp;
1870 	u_int i, v00;
1871 	int r;
1872 
1873 	if (!have_identity)
1874 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which the key is");
1875 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) < 0)
1876 		fatal("%s: %s: %s", __progname, identity_file, strerror(errno));
1877 	if ((r = sshkey_load_public(identity_file, &key, NULL)) != 0)
1878 		fatal("Cannot load public key \"%s\": %s",
1879 		    identity_file, ssh_err(r));
1880 	if (!sshkey_is_cert(key))
1881 		fatal("%s is not a certificate", identity_file);
1882 	v00 = key->type == KEY_RSA_CERT_V00 || key->type == KEY_DSA_CERT_V00;
1883 
1884 	key_fp = sshkey_fingerprint(key, fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
1885 	ca_fp = sshkey_fingerprint(key->cert->signature_key,
1886 	    fingerprint_hash, SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
1887 	if (key_fp == NULL || ca_fp == NULL)
1888 		fatal("%s: sshkey_fingerprint fail", __func__);
1889 
1890 	printf("%s:\n", identity_file);
1891 	printf("        Type: %s %s certificate\n", sshkey_ssh_name(key),
1892 	    sshkey_cert_type(key));
1893 	printf("        Public key: %s %s\n", sshkey_type(key), key_fp);
1894 	printf("        Signing CA: %s %s\n",
1895 	    sshkey_type(key->cert->signature_key), ca_fp);
1896 	printf("        Key ID: \"%s\"\n", key->cert->key_id);
1897 	if (!v00) {
1898 		printf("        Serial: %llu\n",
1899 		    (unsigned long long)key->cert->serial);
1900 	}
1901 	printf("        Valid: %s\n",
1902 	    fmt_validity(key->cert->valid_after, key->cert->valid_before));
1903 	printf("        Principals: ");
1904 	if (key->cert->nprincipals == 0)
1905 		printf("(none)\n");
1906 	else {
1907 		for (i = 0; i < key->cert->nprincipals; i++)
1908 			printf("\n                %s",
1909 			    key->cert->principals[i]);
1910 		printf("\n");
1911 	}
1912 	printf("        Critical Options: ");
1913 	if (sshbuf_len(key->cert->critical) == 0)
1914 		printf("(none)\n");
1915 	else {
1916 		printf("\n");
1917 		show_options(key->cert->critical, v00, 1);
1918 	}
1919 	if (!v00) {
1920 		printf("        Extensions: ");
1921 		if (sshbuf_len(key->cert->extensions) == 0)
1922 			printf("(none)\n");
1923 		else {
1924 			printf("\n");
1925 			show_options(key->cert->extensions, v00, 0);
1926 		}
1927 	}
1928 	exit(0);
1929 }
1930 
1931 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
1932 static void
1933 load_krl(const char *path, struct ssh_krl **krlp)
1934 {
1935 	struct sshbuf *krlbuf;
1936 	int r, fd;
1937 
1938 	if ((krlbuf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1939 		fatal("sshbuf_new failed");
1940 	if ((fd = open(path, O_RDONLY)) == -1)
1941 		fatal("open %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
1942 	if ((r = sshkey_load_file(fd, krlbuf)) != 0)
1943 		fatal("Unable to load KRL: %s", ssh_err(r));
1944 	close(fd);
1945 	/* XXX check sigs */
1946 	if ((r = ssh_krl_from_blob(krlbuf, krlp, NULL, 0)) != 0 ||
1947 	    *krlp == NULL)
1948 		fatal("Invalid KRL file: %s", ssh_err(r));
1949 	sshbuf_free(krlbuf);
1950 }
1951 
1952 static void
1953 update_krl_from_file(struct passwd *pw, const char *file, int wild_ca,
1954     const struct sshkey *ca, struct ssh_krl *krl)
1955 {
1956 	struct sshkey *key = NULL;
1957 	u_long lnum = 0;
1958 	char *path, *cp, *ep, line[SSH_MAX_PUBKEY_BYTES];
1959 	unsigned long long serial, serial2;
1960 	int i, was_explicit_key, was_sha1, r;
1961 	FILE *krl_spec;
1962 
1963 	path = tilde_expand_filename(file, pw->pw_uid);
1964 	if (strcmp(path, "-") == 0) {
1965 		krl_spec = stdin;
1966 		free(path);
1967 		path = xstrdup("(standard input)");
1968 	} else if ((krl_spec = fopen(path, "r")) == NULL)
1969 		fatal("fopen %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
1970 
1971 	if (!quiet)
1972 		printf("Revoking from %s\n", path);
1973 	while (read_keyfile_line(krl_spec, path, line, sizeof(line),
1974 	    &lnum) == 0) {
1975 		was_explicit_key = was_sha1 = 0;
1976 		cp = line + strspn(line, " \t");
1977 		/* Trim trailing space, comments and strip \n */
1978 		for (i = 0, r = -1; cp[i] != '\0'; i++) {
1979 			if (cp[i] == '#' || cp[i] == '\n') {
1980 				cp[i] = '\0';
1981 				break;
1982 			}
1983 			if (cp[i] == ' ' || cp[i] == '\t') {
1984 				/* Remember the start of a span of whitespace */
1985 				if (r == -1)
1986 					r = i;
1987 			} else
1988 				r = -1;
1989 		}
1990 		if (r != -1)
1991 			cp[r] = '\0';
1992 		if (*cp == '\0')
1993 			continue;
1994 		if (strncasecmp(cp, "serial:", 7) == 0) {
1995 			if (ca == NULL && !wild_ca) {
1996 				fatal("revoking certificates by serial number "
1997 				    "requires specification of a CA key");
1998 			}
1999 			cp += 7;
2000 			cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2001 			errno = 0;
2002 			serial = strtoull(cp, &ep, 0);
2003 			if (*cp == '\0' || (*ep != '\0' && *ep != '-'))
2004 				fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial \"%s\"",
2005 				    path, lnum, cp);
2006 			if (errno == ERANGE && serial == ULLONG_MAX)
2007 				fatal("%s:%lu: serial out of range",
2008 				    path, lnum);
2009 			serial2 = serial;
2010 			if (*ep == '-') {
2011 				cp = ep + 1;
2012 				errno = 0;
2013 				serial2 = strtoull(cp, &ep, 0);
2014 				if (*cp == '\0' || *ep != '\0')
2015 					fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial \"%s\"",
2016 					    path, lnum, cp);
2017 				if (errno == ERANGE && serial2 == ULLONG_MAX)
2018 					fatal("%s:%lu: serial out of range",
2019 					    path, lnum);
2020 				if (serial2 <= serial)
2021 					fatal("%s:%lu: invalid serial range "
2022 					    "%llu:%llu", path, lnum,
2023 					    (unsigned long long)serial,
2024 					    (unsigned long long)serial2);
2025 			}
2026 			if (ssh_krl_revoke_cert_by_serial_range(krl,
2027 			    ca, serial, serial2) != 0) {
2028 				fatal("%s: revoke serial failed",
2029 				    __func__);
2030 			}
2031 		} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "id:", 3) == 0) {
2032 			if (ca == NULL && !wild_ca) {
2033 				fatal("revoking certificates by key ID "
2034 				    "requires specification of a CA key");
2035 			}
2036 			cp += 3;
2037 			cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2038 			if (ssh_krl_revoke_cert_by_key_id(krl, ca, cp) != 0)
2039 				fatal("%s: revoke key ID failed", __func__);
2040 		} else {
2041 			if (strncasecmp(cp, "key:", 4) == 0) {
2042 				cp += 4;
2043 				cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2044 				was_explicit_key = 1;
2045 			} else if (strncasecmp(cp, "sha1:", 5) == 0) {
2046 				cp += 5;
2047 				cp = cp + strspn(cp, " \t");
2048 				was_sha1 = 1;
2049 			} else {
2050 				/*
2051 				 * Just try to process the line as a key.
2052 				 * Parsing will fail if it isn't.
2053 				 */
2054 			}
2055 			if ((key = sshkey_new(KEY_UNSPEC)) == NULL)
2056 				fatal("key_new");
2057 			if ((r = sshkey_read(key, &cp)) != 0)
2058 				fatal("%s:%lu: invalid key: %s",
2059 				    path, lnum, ssh_err(r));
2060 			if (was_explicit_key)
2061 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_explicit(krl, key);
2062 			else if (was_sha1)
2063 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key_sha1(krl, key);
2064 			else
2065 				r = ssh_krl_revoke_key(krl, key);
2066 			if (r != 0)
2067 				fatal("%s: revoke key failed: %s",
2068 				    __func__, ssh_err(r));
2069 			sshkey_free(key);
2070 		}
2071 	}
2072 	if (strcmp(path, "-") != 0)
2073 		fclose(krl_spec);
2074 	free(path);
2075 }
2076 
2077 static void
2078 do_gen_krl(struct passwd *pw, int updating, int argc, char **argv)
2079 {
2080 	struct ssh_krl *krl;
2081 	struct stat sb;
2082 	struct sshkey *ca = NULL;
2083 	int fd, i, r, wild_ca = 0;
2084 	char *tmp;
2085 	struct sshbuf *kbuf;
2086 
2087 	if (*identity_file == '\0')
2088 		fatal("KRL generation requires an output file");
2089 	if (stat(identity_file, &sb) == -1) {
2090 		if (errno != ENOENT)
2091 			fatal("Cannot access KRL \"%s\": %s",
2092 			    identity_file, strerror(errno));
2093 		if (updating)
2094 			fatal("KRL \"%s\" does not exist", identity_file);
2095 	}
2096 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
2097 		if (strcasecmp(ca_key_path, "none") == 0)
2098 			wild_ca = 1;
2099 		else {
2100 			tmp = tilde_expand_filename(ca_key_path, pw->pw_uid);
2101 			if ((r = sshkey_load_public(tmp, &ca, NULL)) != 0)
2102 				fatal("Cannot load CA public key %s: %s",
2103 				    tmp, ssh_err(r));
2104 			free(tmp);
2105 		}
2106 	}
2107 
2108 	if (updating)
2109 		load_krl(identity_file, &krl);
2110 	else if ((krl = ssh_krl_init()) == NULL)
2111 		fatal("couldn't create KRL");
2112 
2113 	if (cert_serial != 0)
2114 		ssh_krl_set_version(krl, cert_serial);
2115 	if (identity_comment != NULL)
2116 		ssh_krl_set_comment(krl, identity_comment);
2117 
2118 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
2119 		update_krl_from_file(pw, argv[i], wild_ca, ca, krl);
2120 
2121 	if ((kbuf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
2122 		fatal("sshbuf_new failed");
2123 	if (ssh_krl_to_blob(krl, kbuf, NULL, 0) != 0)
2124 		fatal("Couldn't generate KRL");
2125 	if ((fd = open(identity_file, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0644)) == -1)
2126 		fatal("open %s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
2127 	if (atomicio(vwrite, fd, (void *)sshbuf_ptr(kbuf), sshbuf_len(kbuf)) !=
2128 	    sshbuf_len(kbuf))
2129 		fatal("write %s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
2130 	close(fd);
2131 	sshbuf_free(kbuf);
2132 	ssh_krl_free(krl);
2133 	if (ca != NULL)
2134 		sshkey_free(ca);
2135 }
2136 
2137 static void
2138 do_check_krl(struct passwd *pw, int argc, char **argv)
2139 {
2140 	int i, r, ret = 0;
2141 	char *comment;
2142 	struct ssh_krl *krl;
2143 	struct sshkey *k;
2144 
2145 	if (*identity_file == '\0')
2146 		fatal("KRL checking requires an input file");
2147 	load_krl(identity_file, &krl);
2148 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
2149 		if ((r = sshkey_load_public(argv[i], &k, &comment)) != 0)
2150 			fatal("Cannot load public key %s: %s",
2151 			    argv[i], ssh_err(r));
2152 		r = ssh_krl_check_key(krl, k);
2153 		printf("%s%s%s%s: %s\n", argv[i],
2154 		    *comment ? " (" : "", comment, *comment ? ")" : "",
2155 		    r == 0 ? "ok" : "REVOKED");
2156 		if (r != 0)
2157 			ret = 1;
2158 		sshkey_free(k);
2159 		free(comment);
2160 	}
2161 	ssh_krl_free(krl);
2162 	exit(ret);
2163 }
2164 #endif
2165 
2166 static void
2167 usage(void)
2168 {
2169 	fprintf(stderr,
2170 	    "usage: ssh-keygen [-q] [-b bits] [-t dsa | ecdsa | ed25519 | rsa | rsa1]\n"
2171 	    "                  [-N new_passphrase] [-C comment] [-f output_keyfile]\n"
2172 	    "       ssh-keygen -p [-P old_passphrase] [-N new_passphrase] [-f keyfile]\n"
2173 	    "       ssh-keygen -i [-m key_format] [-f input_keyfile]\n"
2174 	    "       ssh-keygen -e [-m key_format] [-f input_keyfile]\n"
2175 	    "       ssh-keygen -y [-f input_keyfile]\n"
2176 	    "       ssh-keygen -c [-P passphrase] [-C comment] [-f keyfile]\n"
2177 	    "       ssh-keygen -l [-v] [-E fingerprint_hash] [-f input_keyfile]\n"
2178 	    "       ssh-keygen -B [-f input_keyfile]\n");
2179 #ifdef ENABLE_PKCS11
2180 	fprintf(stderr,
2181 	    "       ssh-keygen -D pkcs11\n");
2182 #endif
2183 	fprintf(stderr,
2184 	    "       ssh-keygen -F hostname [-f known_hosts_file] [-l]\n"
2185 	    "       ssh-keygen -H [-f known_hosts_file]\n"
2186 	    "       ssh-keygen -R hostname [-f known_hosts_file]\n"
2187 	    "       ssh-keygen -r hostname [-f input_keyfile] [-g]\n"
2188 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
2189 	    "       ssh-keygen -G output_file [-v] [-b bits] [-M memory] [-S start_point]\n"
2190 	    "       ssh-keygen -T output_file -f input_file [-v] [-a rounds] [-J num_lines]\n"
2191 	    "                  [-j start_line] [-K checkpt] [-W generator]\n"
2192 #endif
2193 	    "       ssh-keygen -s ca_key -I certificate_identity [-h] [-n principals]\n"
2194 	    "                  [-O option] [-V validity_interval] [-z serial_number] file ...\n"
2195 	    "       ssh-keygen -L [-f input_keyfile]\n"
2196 	    "       ssh-keygen -A\n"
2197 	    "       ssh-keygen -k -f krl_file [-u] [-s ca_public] [-z version_number]\n"
2198 	    "                  file ...\n"
2199 	    "       ssh-keygen -Q -f krl_file file ...\n");
2200 	exit(1);
2201 }
2202 
2203 /*
2204  * Main program for key management.
2205  */
2206 int
2207 main(int argc, char **argv)
2208 {
2209 	char dotsshdir[PATH_MAX], comment[1024], *passphrase1, *passphrase2;
2210 	char *rr_hostname = NULL, *ep, *fp, *ra;
2211 	struct sshkey *private, *public;
2212 	struct passwd *pw;
2213 	struct stat st;
2214 	int r, opt, type, fd;
2215 	int gen_all_hostkeys = 0, gen_krl = 0, update_krl = 0, check_krl = 0;
2216 	FILE *f;
2217 	const char *errstr;
2218 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
2219 	/* Moduli generation/screening */
2220 	char out_file[PATH_MAX], *checkpoint = NULL;
2221 	u_int32_t memory = 0, generator_wanted = 0;
2222 	int do_gen_candidates = 0, do_screen_candidates = 0;
2223 	unsigned long start_lineno = 0, lines_to_process = 0;
2224 	BIGNUM *start = NULL;
2225 #endif
2226 
2227 	extern int optind;
2228 	extern char *optarg;
2229 
2230 	/* Ensure that fds 0, 1 and 2 are open or directed to /dev/null */
2231 	sanitise_stdfd();
2232 
2233 	OpenSSL_add_all_algorithms();
2234 	log_init(argv[0], SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO, SYSLOG_FACILITY_USER, 1);
2235 
2236 	/* we need this for the home * directory.  */
2237 	pw = getpwuid(getuid());
2238 	if (!pw)
2239 		fatal("No user exists for uid %lu", (u_long)getuid());
2240 	if (gethostname(hostname, sizeof(hostname)) < 0)
2241 		fatal("gethostname: %s", strerror(errno));
2242 
2243 	/* Remaining characters: UYdw */
2244 	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "ABHLQXceghiklopquvxy"
2245 	    "C:D:E:F:G:I:J:K:M:N:O:P:R:S:T:V:W:Z:"
2246 	    "a:b:f:g:j:m:n:r:s:t:z:")) != -1) {
2247 		switch (opt) {
2248 		case 'A':
2249 			gen_all_hostkeys = 1;
2250 			break;
2251 		case 'b':
2252 			bits = (u_int32_t)strtonum(optarg, 256, 32768, &errstr);
2253 			if (errstr)
2254 				fatal("Bits has bad value %s (%s)",
2255 					optarg, errstr);
2256 			break;
2257 		case 'E':
2258 			fingerprint_hash = ssh_digest_alg_by_name(optarg);
2259 			if (fingerprint_hash == -1)
2260 				fatal("Invalid hash algorithm \"%s\"", optarg);
2261 			break;
2262 		case 'F':
2263 			find_host = 1;
2264 			rr_hostname = optarg;
2265 			break;
2266 		case 'H':
2267 			hash_hosts = 1;
2268 			break;
2269 		case 'I':
2270 			cert_key_id = optarg;
2271 			break;
2272 		case 'R':
2273 			delete_host = 1;
2274 			rr_hostname = optarg;
2275 			break;
2276 		case 'L':
2277 			show_cert = 1;
2278 			break;
2279 		case 'l':
2280 			print_fingerprint = 1;
2281 			break;
2282 		case 'B':
2283 			print_bubblebabble = 1;
2284 			break;
2285 		case 'm':
2286 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "RFC4716") == 0 ||
2287 			    strcasecmp(optarg, "ssh2") == 0) {
2288 				convert_format = FMT_RFC4716;
2289 				break;
2290 			}
2291 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "PKCS8") == 0) {
2292 				convert_format = FMT_PKCS8;
2293 				break;
2294 			}
2295 			if (strcasecmp(optarg, "PEM") == 0) {
2296 				convert_format = FMT_PEM;
2297 				break;
2298 			}
2299 			fatal("Unsupported conversion format \"%s\"", optarg);
2300 		case 'n':
2301 			cert_principals = optarg;
2302 			break;
2303 		case 'o':
2304 			use_new_format = 1;
2305 			break;
2306 		case 'p':
2307 			change_passphrase = 1;
2308 			break;
2309 		case 'c':
2310 			change_comment = 1;
2311 			break;
2312 		case 'f':
2313 			if (strlcpy(identity_file, optarg,
2314 			    sizeof(identity_file)) >= sizeof(identity_file))
2315 				fatal("Identity filename too long");
2316 			have_identity = 1;
2317 			break;
2318 		case 'g':
2319 			print_generic = 1;
2320 			break;
2321 		case 'P':
2322 			identity_passphrase = optarg;
2323 			break;
2324 		case 'N':
2325 			identity_new_passphrase = optarg;
2326 			break;
2327 		case 'Q':
2328 			check_krl = 1;
2329 			break;
2330 		case 'O':
2331 			add_cert_option(optarg);
2332 			break;
2333 		case 'Z':
2334 			new_format_cipher = optarg;
2335 			break;
2336 		case 'C':
2337 			identity_comment = optarg;
2338 			break;
2339 		case 'q':
2340 			quiet = 1;
2341 			break;
2342 		case 'e':
2343 		case 'x':
2344 			/* export key */
2345 			convert_to = 1;
2346 			break;
2347 		case 'h':
2348 			cert_key_type = SSH2_CERT_TYPE_HOST;
2349 			certflags_flags = 0;
2350 			break;
2351 		case 'k':
2352 			gen_krl = 1;
2353 			break;
2354 		case 'i':
2355 		case 'X':
2356 			/* import key */
2357 			convert_from = 1;
2358 			break;
2359 		case 'y':
2360 			print_public = 1;
2361 			break;
2362 		case 's':
2363 			ca_key_path = optarg;
2364 			break;
2365 		case 't':
2366 			key_type_name = optarg;
2367 			break;
2368 		case 'D':
2369 			pkcs11provider = optarg;
2370 			break;
2371 		case 'u':
2372 			update_krl = 1;
2373 			break;
2374 		case 'v':
2375 			if (log_level == SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO)
2376 				log_level = SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1;
2377 			else {
2378 				if (log_level >= SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 &&
2379 				    log_level < SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG3)
2380 					log_level++;
2381 			}
2382 			break;
2383 		case 'r':
2384 			rr_hostname = optarg;
2385 			break;
2386 		case 'a':
2387 			rounds = (int)strtonum(optarg, 1, INT_MAX, &errstr);
2388 			if (errstr)
2389 				fatal("Invalid number: %s (%s)",
2390 					optarg, errstr);
2391 			break;
2392 		case 'V':
2393 			parse_cert_times(optarg);
2394 			break;
2395 		case 'z':
2396 			errno = 0;
2397 			cert_serial = strtoull(optarg, &ep, 10);
2398 			if (*optarg < '0' || *optarg > '9' || *ep != '\0' ||
2399 			    (errno == ERANGE && cert_serial == ULLONG_MAX))
2400 				fatal("Invalid serial number \"%s\"", optarg);
2401 			break;
2402 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
2403 		/* Moduli generation/screening */
2404 		case 'G':
2405 			do_gen_candidates = 1;
2406 			if (strlcpy(out_file, optarg, sizeof(out_file)) >=
2407 			    sizeof(out_file))
2408 				fatal("Output filename too long");
2409 			break;
2410 		case 'J':
2411 			lines_to_process = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
2412                         break;
2413 		case 'j':
2414 			start_lineno = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
2415                         break;
2416 		case 'K':
2417 			if (strlen(optarg) >= PATH_MAX)
2418 				fatal("Checkpoint filename too long");
2419 			checkpoint = xstrdup(optarg);
2420 			break;
2421 		case 'M':
2422 			memory = (u_int32_t)strtonum(optarg, 1, UINT_MAX,
2423 			    &errstr);
2424 			if (errstr)
2425 				fatal("Memory limit is %s: %s", errstr, optarg);
2426 			break;
2427 		case 'S':
2428 			/* XXX - also compare length against bits */
2429 			if (BN_hex2bn(&start, optarg) == 0)
2430 				fatal("Invalid start point.");
2431 			break;
2432 		case 'T':
2433 			do_screen_candidates = 1;
2434 			if (strlcpy(out_file, optarg, sizeof(out_file)) >=
2435 			    sizeof(out_file))
2436 				fatal("Output filename too long");
2437 			break;
2438 		case 'W':
2439 			generator_wanted = (u_int32_t)strtonum(optarg, 1,
2440 			    UINT_MAX, &errstr);
2441 			if (errstr != NULL)
2442 				fatal("Desired generator invalid: %s (%s)",
2443 				    optarg, errstr);
2444 			break;
2445 #endif /* WITH_OPENSSL */
2446 		case '?':
2447 		default:
2448 			usage();
2449 		}
2450 	}
2451 
2452 	/* reinit */
2453 	log_init(argv[0], log_level, SYSLOG_FACILITY_USER, 1);
2454 
2455 	argv += optind;
2456 	argc -= optind;
2457 
2458 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
2459 		if (argc < 1 && !gen_krl) {
2460 			error("Too few arguments.");
2461 			usage();
2462 		}
2463 	} else if (argc > 0 && !gen_krl && !check_krl) {
2464 		error("Too many arguments.");
2465 		usage();
2466 	}
2467 	if (change_passphrase && change_comment) {
2468 		error("Can only have one of -p and -c.");
2469 		usage();
2470 	}
2471 	if (print_fingerprint && (delete_host || hash_hosts)) {
2472 		error("Cannot use -l with -H or -R.");
2473 		usage();
2474 	}
2475 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
2476 	if (gen_krl) {
2477 		do_gen_krl(pw, update_krl, argc, argv);
2478 		return (0);
2479 	}
2480 	if (check_krl) {
2481 		do_check_krl(pw, argc, argv);
2482 		return (0);
2483 	}
2484 #endif
2485 	if (ca_key_path != NULL) {
2486 		if (cert_key_id == NULL)
2487 			fatal("Must specify key id (-I) when certifying");
2488 		do_ca_sign(pw, argc, argv);
2489 	}
2490 	if (show_cert)
2491 		do_show_cert(pw);
2492 	if (delete_host || hash_hosts || find_host)
2493 		do_known_hosts(pw, rr_hostname);
2494 	if (pkcs11provider != NULL)
2495 		do_download(pw);
2496 	if (print_fingerprint || print_bubblebabble)
2497 		do_fingerprint(pw);
2498 	if (change_passphrase)
2499 		do_change_passphrase(pw);
2500 	if (change_comment)
2501 		do_change_comment(pw);
2502 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
2503 	if (convert_to)
2504 		do_convert_to(pw);
2505 	if (convert_from)
2506 		do_convert_from(pw);
2507 #endif
2508 	if (print_public)
2509 		do_print_public(pw);
2510 	if (rr_hostname != NULL) {
2511 		unsigned int n = 0;
2512 
2513 		if (have_identity) {
2514 			n = do_print_resource_record(pw,
2515 			    identity_file, rr_hostname);
2516 			if (n == 0)
2517 				fatal("%s: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
2518 			exit(0);
2519 		} else {
2520 
2521 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
2522 			    _PATH_HOST_RSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname);
2523 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
2524 			    _PATH_HOST_DSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname);
2525 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
2526 			    _PATH_HOST_ECDSA_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname);
2527 			n += do_print_resource_record(pw,
2528 			    _PATH_HOST_ED25519_KEY_FILE, rr_hostname);
2529 			if (n == 0)
2530 				fatal("no keys found.");
2531 			exit(0);
2532 		}
2533 	}
2534 
2535 #ifdef WITH_OPENSSL
2536 	if (do_gen_candidates) {
2537 		FILE *out = fopen(out_file, "w");
2538 
2539 		if (out == NULL) {
2540 			error("Couldn't open modulus candidate file \"%s\": %s",
2541 			    out_file, strerror(errno));
2542 			return (1);
2543 		}
2544 		if (bits == 0)
2545 			bits = DEFAULT_BITS;
2546 		if (gen_candidates(out, memory, bits, start) != 0)
2547 			fatal("modulus candidate generation failed");
2548 
2549 		return (0);
2550 	}
2551 
2552 	if (do_screen_candidates) {
2553 		FILE *in;
2554 		FILE *out = fopen(out_file, "a");
2555 
2556 		if (have_identity && strcmp(identity_file, "-") != 0) {
2557 			if ((in = fopen(identity_file, "r")) == NULL) {
2558 				fatal("Couldn't open modulus candidate "
2559 				    "file \"%s\": %s", identity_file,
2560 				    strerror(errno));
2561 			}
2562 		} else
2563 			in = stdin;
2564 
2565 		if (out == NULL) {
2566 			fatal("Couldn't open moduli file \"%s\": %s",
2567 			    out_file, strerror(errno));
2568 		}
2569 		if (prime_test(in, out, rounds == 0 ? 100 : rounds,
2570 		    generator_wanted, checkpoint,
2571 		    start_lineno, lines_to_process) != 0)
2572 			fatal("modulus screening failed");
2573 		return (0);
2574 	}
2575 #endif
2576 
2577 	if (gen_all_hostkeys) {
2578 		do_gen_all_hostkeys(pw);
2579 		return (0);
2580 	}
2581 
2582 	if (key_type_name == NULL)
2583 		key_type_name = DEFAULT_KEY_TYPE_NAME;
2584 
2585 	type = sshkey_type_from_name(key_type_name);
2586 	type_bits_valid(type, key_type_name, &bits);
2587 
2588 	if (!quiet)
2589 		printf("Generating public/private %s key pair.\n",
2590 		    key_type_name);
2591 	if ((r = sshkey_generate(type, bits, &private)) != 0)
2592 		fatal("key_generate failed");
2593 	if ((r = sshkey_from_private(private, &public)) != 0)
2594 		fatal("key_from_private failed: %s\n", ssh_err(r));
2595 
2596 	if (!have_identity)
2597 		ask_filename(pw, "Enter file in which to save the key");
2598 
2599 	/* Create ~/.ssh directory if it doesn't already exist. */
2600 	snprintf(dotsshdir, sizeof dotsshdir, "%s/%s",
2601 	    pw->pw_dir, _PATH_SSH_USER_DIR);
2602 	if (strstr(identity_file, dotsshdir) != NULL) {
2603 		if (stat(dotsshdir, &st) < 0) {
2604 			if (errno != ENOENT) {
2605 				error("Could not stat %s: %s", dotsshdir,
2606 				    strerror(errno));
2607 			} else if (mkdir(dotsshdir, 0700) < 0) {
2608 				error("Could not create directory '%s': %s",
2609 				    dotsshdir, strerror(errno));
2610 			} else if (!quiet)
2611 				printf("Created directory '%s'.\n", dotsshdir);
2612 		}
2613 	}
2614 	/* If the file already exists, ask the user to confirm. */
2615 	if (stat(identity_file, &st) >= 0) {
2616 		char yesno[3];
2617 		printf("%s already exists.\n", identity_file);
2618 		printf("Overwrite (y/n)? ");
2619 		fflush(stdout);
2620 		if (fgets(yesno, sizeof(yesno), stdin) == NULL)
2621 			exit(1);
2622 		if (yesno[0] != 'y' && yesno[0] != 'Y')
2623 			exit(1);
2624 	}
2625 	/* Ask for a passphrase (twice). */
2626 	if (identity_passphrase)
2627 		passphrase1 = xstrdup(identity_passphrase);
2628 	else if (identity_new_passphrase)
2629 		passphrase1 = xstrdup(identity_new_passphrase);
2630 	else {
2631 passphrase_again:
2632 		passphrase1 =
2633 			read_passphrase("Enter passphrase (empty for no "
2634 			    "passphrase): ", RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
2635 		passphrase2 = read_passphrase("Enter same passphrase again: ",
2636 		    RP_ALLOW_STDIN);
2637 		if (strcmp(passphrase1, passphrase2) != 0) {
2638 			/*
2639 			 * The passphrases do not match.  Clear them and
2640 			 * retry.
2641 			 */
2642 			explicit_bzero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
2643 			explicit_bzero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
2644 			free(passphrase1);
2645 			free(passphrase2);
2646 			printf("Passphrases do not match.  Try again.\n");
2647 			goto passphrase_again;
2648 		}
2649 		/* Clear the other copy of the passphrase. */
2650 		explicit_bzero(passphrase2, strlen(passphrase2));
2651 		free(passphrase2);
2652 	}
2653 
2654 	if (identity_comment) {
2655 		strlcpy(comment, identity_comment, sizeof(comment));
2656 	} else {
2657 		/* Create default comment field for the passphrase. */
2658 		snprintf(comment, sizeof comment, "%s@%s", pw->pw_name, hostname);
2659 	}
2660 
2661 	/* Save the key with the given passphrase and comment. */
2662 	if ((r = sshkey_save_private(private, identity_file, passphrase1,
2663 	    comment, use_new_format, new_format_cipher, rounds)) != 0) {
2664 		error("Saving key \"%s\" failed: %s",
2665 		    identity_file, ssh_err(r));
2666 		explicit_bzero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
2667 		free(passphrase1);
2668 		exit(1);
2669 	}
2670 	/* Clear the passphrase. */
2671 	explicit_bzero(passphrase1, strlen(passphrase1));
2672 	free(passphrase1);
2673 
2674 	/* Clear the private key and the random number generator. */
2675 	sshkey_free(private);
2676 
2677 	if (!quiet)
2678 		printf("Your identification has been saved in %s.\n", identity_file);
2679 
2680 	strlcat(identity_file, ".pub", sizeof(identity_file));
2681 	if ((fd = open(identity_file, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0644)) == -1)
2682 		fatal("Unable to save public key to %s: %s",
2683 		    identity_file, strerror(errno));
2684 	if ((f = fdopen(fd, "w")) == NULL)
2685 		fatal("fdopen %s failed: %s", identity_file, strerror(errno));
2686 	if ((r = sshkey_write(public, f)) != 0)
2687 		error("write key failed: %s", ssh_err(r));
2688 	fprintf(f, " %s\n", comment);
2689 	fclose(f);
2690 
2691 	if (!quiet) {
2692 		fp = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash,
2693 		    SSH_FP_DEFAULT);
2694 		ra = sshkey_fingerprint(public, fingerprint_hash,
2695 		    SSH_FP_RANDOMART);
2696 		if (fp == NULL || ra == NULL)
2697 			fatal("sshkey_fingerprint failed");
2698 		printf("Your public key has been saved in %s.\n",
2699 		    identity_file);
2700 		printf("The key fingerprint is:\n");
2701 		printf("%s %s\n", fp, comment);
2702 		printf("The key's randomart image is:\n");
2703 		printf("%s\n", ra);
2704 		free(ra);
2705 		free(fp);
2706 	}
2707 
2708 	sshkey_free(public);
2709 	exit(0);
2710 }
2711