xref: /openbsd-src/usr.bin/ssh/misc.c (revision 5c389b79544373bccfce668b646e62e7ba9802a3)
1 /* $OpenBSD: misc.c,v 1.181 2023/03/03 02:37:58 dtucker Exp $ */
2 /*
3  * Copyright (c) 2000 Markus Friedl.  All rights reserved.
4  * Copyright (c) 2005-2020 Damien Miller.  All rights reserved.
5  * Copyright (c) 2004 Henning Brauer <henning@openbsd.org>
6  *
7  * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
8  * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
9  * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
10  *
11  * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
12  * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
13  * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
14  * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
15  * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
16  * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
17  * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
18  */
19 
20 
21 #include <sys/types.h>
22 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
23 #include <sys/socket.h>
24 #include <sys/stat.h>
25 #include <sys/time.h>
26 #include <sys/wait.h>
27 #include <sys/un.h>
28 
29 #include <net/if.h>
30 #include <netinet/in.h>
31 #include <netinet/ip.h>
32 #include <netinet/tcp.h>
33 #include <arpa/inet.h>
34 
35 #include <ctype.h>
36 #include <errno.h>
37 #include <fcntl.h>
38 #include <netdb.h>
39 #include <paths.h>
40 #include <pwd.h>
41 #include <libgen.h>
42 #include <limits.h>
43 #include <poll.h>
44 #include <signal.h>
45 #include <stdarg.h>
46 #include <stdio.h>
47 #include <stdlib.h>
48 #include <string.h>
49 #include <unistd.h>
50 
51 #include "xmalloc.h"
52 #include "misc.h"
53 #include "log.h"
54 #include "ssh.h"
55 #include "sshbuf.h"
56 #include "ssherr.h"
57 
58 /* remove newline at end of string */
59 char *
60 chop(char *s)
61 {
62 	char *t = s;
63 	while (*t) {
64 		if (*t == '\n' || *t == '\r') {
65 			*t = '\0';
66 			return s;
67 		}
68 		t++;
69 	}
70 	return s;
71 
72 }
73 
74 /* remove whitespace from end of string */
75 void
76 rtrim(char *s)
77 {
78 	size_t i;
79 
80 	if ((i = strlen(s)) == 0)
81 		return;
82 	for (i--; i > 0; i--) {
83 		if (isspace((unsigned char)s[i]))
84 			s[i] = '\0';
85 	}
86 }
87 
88 /* set/unset filedescriptor to non-blocking */
89 int
90 set_nonblock(int fd)
91 {
92 	int val;
93 
94 	val = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
95 	if (val == -1) {
96 		error("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL): %s", fd, strerror(errno));
97 		return (-1);
98 	}
99 	if (val & O_NONBLOCK) {
100 		debug3("fd %d is O_NONBLOCK", fd);
101 		return (0);
102 	}
103 	debug2("fd %d setting O_NONBLOCK", fd);
104 	val |= O_NONBLOCK;
105 	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, val) == -1) {
106 		debug("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK): %s", fd,
107 		    strerror(errno));
108 		return (-1);
109 	}
110 	return (0);
111 }
112 
113 int
114 unset_nonblock(int fd)
115 {
116 	int val;
117 
118 	val = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL);
119 	if (val == -1) {
120 		error("fcntl(%d, F_GETFL): %s", fd, strerror(errno));
121 		return (-1);
122 	}
123 	if (!(val & O_NONBLOCK)) {
124 		debug3("fd %d is not O_NONBLOCK", fd);
125 		return (0);
126 	}
127 	debug("fd %d clearing O_NONBLOCK", fd);
128 	val &= ~O_NONBLOCK;
129 	if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, val) == -1) {
130 		debug("fcntl(%d, F_SETFL, ~O_NONBLOCK): %s",
131 		    fd, strerror(errno));
132 		return (-1);
133 	}
134 	return (0);
135 }
136 
137 const char *
138 ssh_gai_strerror(int gaierr)
139 {
140 	if (gaierr == EAI_SYSTEM && errno != 0)
141 		return strerror(errno);
142 	return gai_strerror(gaierr);
143 }
144 
145 /* disable nagle on socket */
146 void
147 set_nodelay(int fd)
148 {
149 	int opt;
150 	socklen_t optlen;
151 
152 	optlen = sizeof opt;
153 	if (getsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &opt, &optlen) == -1) {
154 		debug("getsockopt TCP_NODELAY: %.100s", strerror(errno));
155 		return;
156 	}
157 	if (opt == 1) {
158 		debug2("fd %d is TCP_NODELAY", fd);
159 		return;
160 	}
161 	opt = 1;
162 	debug2("fd %d setting TCP_NODELAY", fd);
163 	if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &opt, sizeof opt) == -1)
164 		error("setsockopt TCP_NODELAY: %.100s", strerror(errno));
165 }
166 
167 /* Allow local port reuse in TIME_WAIT */
168 int
169 set_reuseaddr(int fd)
170 {
171 	int on = 1;
172 
173 	if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &on, sizeof(on)) == -1) {
174 		error("setsockopt SO_REUSEADDR fd %d: %s", fd, strerror(errno));
175 		return -1;
176 	}
177 	return 0;
178 }
179 
180 /* Get/set routing domain */
181 char *
182 get_rdomain(int fd)
183 {
184 	int rtable;
185 	char *ret;
186 	socklen_t len = sizeof(rtable);
187 
188 	if (getsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RTABLE, &rtable, &len) == -1) {
189 		error("Failed to get routing domain for fd %d: %s",
190 		    fd, strerror(errno));
191 		return NULL;
192 	}
193 	xasprintf(&ret, "%d", rtable);
194 	return ret;
195 }
196 
197 int
198 set_rdomain(int fd, const char *name)
199 {
200 	int rtable;
201 	const char *errstr;
202 
203 	if (name == NULL)
204 		return 0; /* default table */
205 
206 	rtable = (int)strtonum(name, 0, 255, &errstr);
207 	if (errstr != NULL) {
208 		/* Shouldn't happen */
209 		error("Invalid routing domain \"%s\": %s", name, errstr);
210 		return -1;
211 	}
212 	if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RTABLE,
213 	    &rtable, sizeof(rtable)) == -1) {
214 		error("Failed to set routing domain %d on fd %d: %s",
215 		    rtable, fd, strerror(errno));
216 		return -1;
217 	}
218 	return 0;
219 }
220 
221 int
222 get_sock_af(int fd)
223 {
224 	struct sockaddr_storage to;
225 	socklen_t tolen = sizeof(to);
226 
227 	memset(&to, 0, sizeof(to));
228 	if (getsockname(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&to, &tolen) == -1)
229 		return -1;
230 	return to.ss_family;
231 }
232 
233 void
234 set_sock_tos(int fd, int tos)
235 {
236 	int af;
237 
238 	switch ((af = get_sock_af(fd))) {
239 	case -1:
240 		/* assume not a socket */
241 		break;
242 	case AF_INET:
243 		debug3_f("set socket %d IP_TOS 0x%02x", fd, tos);
244 		if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS,
245 		    &tos, sizeof(tos)) == -1) {
246 			error("setsockopt socket %d IP_TOS %d: %s",
247 			    fd, tos, strerror(errno));
248 		}
249 		break;
250 	case AF_INET6:
251 		debug3_f("set socket %d IPV6_TCLASS 0x%02x", fd, tos);
252 		if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_TCLASS,
253 		    &tos, sizeof(tos)) == -1) {
254 			error("setsockopt socket %d IPV6_TCLASS %d: %s",
255 			    fd, tos, strerror(errno));
256 		}
257 		break;
258 	default:
259 		debug2_f("unsupported socket family %d", af);
260 		break;
261 	}
262 }
263 
264 /*
265  * Wait up to *timeoutp milliseconds for events on fd. Updates
266  * *timeoutp with time remaining.
267  * Returns 0 if fd ready or -1 on timeout or error (see errno).
268  */
269 static int
270 waitfd(int fd, int *timeoutp, short events)
271 {
272 	struct pollfd pfd;
273 	struct timeval t_start;
274 	int oerrno, r;
275 
276 	pfd.fd = fd;
277 	pfd.events = events;
278 	for (; *timeoutp >= 0;) {
279 		monotime_tv(&t_start);
280 		r = poll(&pfd, 1, *timeoutp);
281 		oerrno = errno;
282 		ms_subtract_diff(&t_start, timeoutp);
283 		errno = oerrno;
284 		if (r > 0)
285 			return 0;
286 		else if (r == -1 && errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR)
287 			return -1;
288 		else if (r == 0)
289 			break;
290 	}
291 	/* timeout */
292 	errno = ETIMEDOUT;
293 	return -1;
294 }
295 
296 /*
297  * Wait up to *timeoutp milliseconds for fd to be readable. Updates
298  * *timeoutp with time remaining.
299  * Returns 0 if fd ready or -1 on timeout or error (see errno).
300  */
301 int
302 waitrfd(int fd, int *timeoutp) {
303 	return waitfd(fd, timeoutp, POLLIN);
304 }
305 
306 /*
307  * Attempt a non-blocking connect(2) to the specified address, waiting up to
308  * *timeoutp milliseconds for the connection to complete. If the timeout is
309  * <=0, then wait indefinitely.
310  *
311  * Returns 0 on success or -1 on failure.
312  */
313 int
314 timeout_connect(int sockfd, const struct sockaddr *serv_addr,
315     socklen_t addrlen, int *timeoutp)
316 {
317 	int optval = 0;
318 	socklen_t optlen = sizeof(optval);
319 
320 	/* No timeout: just do a blocking connect() */
321 	if (timeoutp == NULL || *timeoutp <= 0)
322 		return connect(sockfd, serv_addr, addrlen);
323 
324 	set_nonblock(sockfd);
325 	for (;;) {
326 		if (connect(sockfd, serv_addr, addrlen) == 0) {
327 			/* Succeeded already? */
328 			unset_nonblock(sockfd);
329 			return 0;
330 		} else if (errno == EINTR)
331 			continue;
332 		else if (errno != EINPROGRESS)
333 			return -1;
334 		break;
335 	}
336 
337 	if (waitfd(sockfd, timeoutp, POLLIN | POLLOUT) == -1)
338 		return -1;
339 
340 	/* Completed or failed */
341 	if (getsockopt(sockfd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR, &optval, &optlen) == -1) {
342 		debug("getsockopt: %s", strerror(errno));
343 		return -1;
344 	}
345 	if (optval != 0) {
346 		errno = optval;
347 		return -1;
348 	}
349 	unset_nonblock(sockfd);
350 	return 0;
351 }
352 
353 /* Characters considered whitespace in strsep calls. */
354 #define WHITESPACE " \t\r\n"
355 #define QUOTE	"\""
356 
357 /* return next token in configuration line */
358 static char *
359 strdelim_internal(char **s, int split_equals)
360 {
361 	char *old;
362 	int wspace = 0;
363 
364 	if (*s == NULL)
365 		return NULL;
366 
367 	old = *s;
368 
369 	*s = strpbrk(*s,
370 	    split_equals ? WHITESPACE QUOTE "=" : WHITESPACE QUOTE);
371 	if (*s == NULL)
372 		return (old);
373 
374 	if (*s[0] == '\"') {
375 		memmove(*s, *s + 1, strlen(*s)); /* move nul too */
376 		/* Find matching quote */
377 		if ((*s = strpbrk(*s, QUOTE)) == NULL) {
378 			return (NULL);		/* no matching quote */
379 		} else {
380 			*s[0] = '\0';
381 			*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
382 			return (old);
383 		}
384 	}
385 
386 	/* Allow only one '=' to be skipped */
387 	if (split_equals && *s[0] == '=')
388 		wspace = 1;
389 	*s[0] = '\0';
390 
391 	/* Skip any extra whitespace after first token */
392 	*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
393 	if (split_equals && *s[0] == '=' && !wspace)
394 		*s += strspn(*s + 1, WHITESPACE) + 1;
395 
396 	return (old);
397 }
398 
399 /*
400  * Return next token in configuration line; splts on whitespace or a
401  * single '=' character.
402  */
403 char *
404 strdelim(char **s)
405 {
406 	return strdelim_internal(s, 1);
407 }
408 
409 /*
410  * Return next token in configuration line; splts on whitespace only.
411  */
412 char *
413 strdelimw(char **s)
414 {
415 	return strdelim_internal(s, 0);
416 }
417 
418 struct passwd *
419 pwcopy(struct passwd *pw)
420 {
421 	struct passwd *copy = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*copy));
422 
423 	copy->pw_name = xstrdup(pw->pw_name);
424 	copy->pw_passwd = xstrdup(pw->pw_passwd);
425 	copy->pw_gecos = xstrdup(pw->pw_gecos);
426 	copy->pw_uid = pw->pw_uid;
427 	copy->pw_gid = pw->pw_gid;
428 	copy->pw_expire = pw->pw_expire;
429 	copy->pw_change = pw->pw_change;
430 	copy->pw_class = xstrdup(pw->pw_class);
431 	copy->pw_dir = xstrdup(pw->pw_dir);
432 	copy->pw_shell = xstrdup(pw->pw_shell);
433 	return copy;
434 }
435 
436 /*
437  * Convert ASCII string to TCP/IP port number.
438  * Port must be >=0 and <=65535.
439  * Return -1 if invalid.
440  */
441 int
442 a2port(const char *s)
443 {
444 	struct servent *se;
445 	long long port;
446 	const char *errstr;
447 
448 	port = strtonum(s, 0, 65535, &errstr);
449 	if (errstr == NULL)
450 		return (int)port;
451 	if ((se = getservbyname(s, "tcp")) != NULL)
452 		return ntohs(se->s_port);
453 	return -1;
454 }
455 
456 int
457 a2tun(const char *s, int *remote)
458 {
459 	const char *errstr = NULL;
460 	char *sp, *ep;
461 	int tun;
462 
463 	if (remote != NULL) {
464 		*remote = SSH_TUNID_ANY;
465 		sp = xstrdup(s);
466 		if ((ep = strchr(sp, ':')) == NULL) {
467 			free(sp);
468 			return (a2tun(s, NULL));
469 		}
470 		ep[0] = '\0'; ep++;
471 		*remote = a2tun(ep, NULL);
472 		tun = a2tun(sp, NULL);
473 		free(sp);
474 		return (*remote == SSH_TUNID_ERR ? *remote : tun);
475 	}
476 
477 	if (strcasecmp(s, "any") == 0)
478 		return (SSH_TUNID_ANY);
479 
480 	tun = strtonum(s, 0, SSH_TUNID_MAX, &errstr);
481 	if (errstr != NULL)
482 		return (SSH_TUNID_ERR);
483 
484 	return (tun);
485 }
486 
487 #define SECONDS		1
488 #define MINUTES		(SECONDS * 60)
489 #define HOURS		(MINUTES * 60)
490 #define DAYS		(HOURS * 24)
491 #define WEEKS		(DAYS * 7)
492 
493 /*
494  * Convert a time string into seconds; format is
495  * a sequence of:
496  *      time[qualifier]
497  *
498  * Valid time qualifiers are:
499  *      <none>  seconds
500  *      s|S     seconds
501  *      m|M     minutes
502  *      h|H     hours
503  *      d|D     days
504  *      w|W     weeks
505  *
506  * Examples:
507  *      90m     90 minutes
508  *      1h30m   90 minutes
509  *      2d      2 days
510  *      1w      1 week
511  *
512  * Return -1 if time string is invalid.
513  */
514 int
515 convtime(const char *s)
516 {
517 	long total, secs, multiplier;
518 	const char *p;
519 	char *endp;
520 
521 	errno = 0;
522 	total = 0;
523 	p = s;
524 
525 	if (p == NULL || *p == '\0')
526 		return -1;
527 
528 	while (*p) {
529 		secs = strtol(p, &endp, 10);
530 		if (p == endp ||
531 		    (errno == ERANGE && (secs == INT_MIN || secs == INT_MAX)) ||
532 		    secs < 0)
533 			return -1;
534 
535 		multiplier = 1;
536 		switch (*endp++) {
537 		case '\0':
538 			endp--;
539 			break;
540 		case 's':
541 		case 'S':
542 			break;
543 		case 'm':
544 		case 'M':
545 			multiplier = MINUTES;
546 			break;
547 		case 'h':
548 		case 'H':
549 			multiplier = HOURS;
550 			break;
551 		case 'd':
552 		case 'D':
553 			multiplier = DAYS;
554 			break;
555 		case 'w':
556 		case 'W':
557 			multiplier = WEEKS;
558 			break;
559 		default:
560 			return -1;
561 		}
562 		if (secs > INT_MAX / multiplier)
563 			return -1;
564 		secs *= multiplier;
565 		if  (total > INT_MAX - secs)
566 			return -1;
567 		total += secs;
568 		if (total < 0)
569 			return -1;
570 		p = endp;
571 	}
572 
573 	return total;
574 }
575 
576 #define TF_BUFS	8
577 #define TF_LEN	9
578 
579 const char *
580 fmt_timeframe(time_t t)
581 {
582 	char		*buf;
583 	static char	 tfbuf[TF_BUFS][TF_LEN];	/* ring buffer */
584 	static int	 idx = 0;
585 	unsigned int	 sec, min, hrs, day;
586 	unsigned long long	week;
587 
588 	buf = tfbuf[idx++];
589 	if (idx == TF_BUFS)
590 		idx = 0;
591 
592 	week = t;
593 
594 	sec = week % 60;
595 	week /= 60;
596 	min = week % 60;
597 	week /= 60;
598 	hrs = week % 24;
599 	week /= 24;
600 	day = week % 7;
601 	week /= 7;
602 
603 	if (week > 0)
604 		snprintf(buf, TF_LEN, "%02lluw%01ud%02uh", week, day, hrs);
605 	else if (day > 0)
606 		snprintf(buf, TF_LEN, "%01ud%02uh%02um", day, hrs, min);
607 	else
608 		snprintf(buf, TF_LEN, "%02u:%02u:%02u", hrs, min, sec);
609 
610 	return (buf);
611 }
612 
613 /*
614  * Returns a standardized host+port identifier string.
615  * Caller must free returned string.
616  */
617 char *
618 put_host_port(const char *host, u_short port)
619 {
620 	char *hoststr;
621 
622 	if (port == 0 || port == SSH_DEFAULT_PORT)
623 		return(xstrdup(host));
624 	if (asprintf(&hoststr, "[%s]:%d", host, (int)port) == -1)
625 		fatal("put_host_port: asprintf: %s", strerror(errno));
626 	debug3("put_host_port: %s", hoststr);
627 	return hoststr;
628 }
629 
630 /*
631  * Search for next delimiter between hostnames/addresses and ports.
632  * Argument may be modified (for termination).
633  * Returns *cp if parsing succeeds.
634  * *cp is set to the start of the next field, if one was found.
635  * The delimiter char, if present, is stored in delim.
636  * If this is the last field, *cp is set to NULL.
637  */
638 char *
639 hpdelim2(char **cp, char *delim)
640 {
641 	char *s, *old;
642 
643 	if (cp == NULL || *cp == NULL)
644 		return NULL;
645 
646 	old = s = *cp;
647 	if (*s == '[') {
648 		if ((s = strchr(s, ']')) == NULL)
649 			return NULL;
650 		else
651 			s++;
652 	} else if ((s = strpbrk(s, ":/")) == NULL)
653 		s = *cp + strlen(*cp); /* skip to end (see first case below) */
654 
655 	switch (*s) {
656 	case '\0':
657 		*cp = NULL;	/* no more fields*/
658 		break;
659 
660 	case ':':
661 	case '/':
662 		if (delim != NULL)
663 			*delim = *s;
664 		*s = '\0';	/* terminate */
665 		*cp = s + 1;
666 		break;
667 
668 	default:
669 		return NULL;
670 	}
671 
672 	return old;
673 }
674 
675 /* The common case: only accept colon as delimiter. */
676 char *
677 hpdelim(char **cp)
678 {
679 	char *r, delim = '\0';
680 
681 	r =  hpdelim2(cp, &delim);
682 	if (delim == '/')
683 		return NULL;
684 	return r;
685 }
686 
687 char *
688 cleanhostname(char *host)
689 {
690 	if (*host == '[' && host[strlen(host) - 1] == ']') {
691 		host[strlen(host) - 1] = '\0';
692 		return (host + 1);
693 	} else
694 		return host;
695 }
696 
697 char *
698 colon(char *cp)
699 {
700 	int flag = 0;
701 
702 	if (*cp == ':')		/* Leading colon is part of file name. */
703 		return NULL;
704 	if (*cp == '[')
705 		flag = 1;
706 
707 	for (; *cp; ++cp) {
708 		if (*cp == '@' && *(cp+1) == '[')
709 			flag = 1;
710 		if (*cp == ']' && *(cp+1) == ':' && flag)
711 			return (cp+1);
712 		if (*cp == ':' && !flag)
713 			return (cp);
714 		if (*cp == '/')
715 			return NULL;
716 	}
717 	return NULL;
718 }
719 
720 /*
721  * Parse a [user@]host:[path] string.
722  * Caller must free returned user, host and path.
723  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking).
724  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
725  * If host was not specified then *hostp will be set to NULL.
726  * If path was not specified then *pathp will be set to ".".
727  * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
728  */
729 int
730 parse_user_host_path(const char *s, char **userp, char **hostp, char **pathp)
731 {
732 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL, *path = NULL;
733 	char *sdup, *tmp;
734 	int ret = -1;
735 
736 	if (userp != NULL)
737 		*userp = NULL;
738 	if (hostp != NULL)
739 		*hostp = NULL;
740 	if (pathp != NULL)
741 		*pathp = NULL;
742 
743 	sdup = xstrdup(s);
744 
745 	/* Check for remote syntax: [user@]host:[path] */
746 	if ((tmp = colon(sdup)) == NULL)
747 		goto out;
748 
749 	/* Extract optional path */
750 	*tmp++ = '\0';
751 	if (*tmp == '\0')
752 		tmp = ".";
753 	path = xstrdup(tmp);
754 
755 	/* Extract optional user and mandatory host */
756 	tmp = strrchr(sdup, '@');
757 	if (tmp != NULL) {
758 		*tmp++ = '\0';
759 		host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(tmp));
760 		if (*sdup != '\0')
761 			user = xstrdup(sdup);
762 	} else {
763 		host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(sdup));
764 		user = NULL;
765 	}
766 
767 	/* Success */
768 	if (userp != NULL) {
769 		*userp = user;
770 		user = NULL;
771 	}
772 	if (hostp != NULL) {
773 		*hostp = host;
774 		host = NULL;
775 	}
776 	if (pathp != NULL) {
777 		*pathp = path;
778 		path = NULL;
779 	}
780 	ret = 0;
781 out:
782 	free(sdup);
783 	free(user);
784 	free(host);
785 	free(path);
786 	return ret;
787 }
788 
789 /*
790  * Parse a [user@]host[:port] string.
791  * Caller must free returned user and host.
792  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking).
793  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
794  * If port was not specified then *portp will be -1.
795  * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
796  */
797 int
798 parse_user_host_port(const char *s, char **userp, char **hostp, int *portp)
799 {
800 	char *sdup, *cp, *tmp;
801 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL;
802 	int port = -1, ret = -1;
803 
804 	if (userp != NULL)
805 		*userp = NULL;
806 	if (hostp != NULL)
807 		*hostp = NULL;
808 	if (portp != NULL)
809 		*portp = -1;
810 
811 	if ((sdup = tmp = strdup(s)) == NULL)
812 		return -1;
813 	/* Extract optional username */
814 	if ((cp = strrchr(tmp, '@')) != NULL) {
815 		*cp = '\0';
816 		if (*tmp == '\0')
817 			goto out;
818 		if ((user = strdup(tmp)) == NULL)
819 			goto out;
820 		tmp = cp + 1;
821 	}
822 	/* Extract mandatory hostname */
823 	if ((cp = hpdelim(&tmp)) == NULL || *cp == '\0')
824 		goto out;
825 	host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(cp));
826 	/* Convert and verify optional port */
827 	if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
828 		if ((port = a2port(tmp)) <= 0)
829 			goto out;
830 	}
831 	/* Success */
832 	if (userp != NULL) {
833 		*userp = user;
834 		user = NULL;
835 	}
836 	if (hostp != NULL) {
837 		*hostp = host;
838 		host = NULL;
839 	}
840 	if (portp != NULL)
841 		*portp = port;
842 	ret = 0;
843  out:
844 	free(sdup);
845 	free(user);
846 	free(host);
847 	return ret;
848 }
849 
850 /*
851  * Converts a two-byte hex string to decimal.
852  * Returns the decimal value or -1 for invalid input.
853  */
854 static int
855 hexchar(const char *s)
856 {
857 	unsigned char result[2];
858 	int i;
859 
860 	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
861 		if (s[i] >= '0' && s[i] <= '9')
862 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - '0');
863 		else if (s[i] >= 'a' && s[i] <= 'f')
864 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - 'a') + 10;
865 		else if (s[i] >= 'A' && s[i] <= 'F')
866 			result[i] = (unsigned char)(s[i] - 'A') + 10;
867 		else
868 			return -1;
869 	}
870 	return (result[0] << 4) | result[1];
871 }
872 
873 /*
874  * Decode an url-encoded string.
875  * Returns a newly allocated string on success or NULL on failure.
876  */
877 static char *
878 urldecode(const char *src)
879 {
880 	char *ret, *dst;
881 	int ch;
882 
883 	ret = xmalloc(strlen(src) + 1);
884 	for (dst = ret; *src != '\0'; src++) {
885 		switch (*src) {
886 		case '+':
887 			*dst++ = ' ';
888 			break;
889 		case '%':
890 			if (!isxdigit((unsigned char)src[1]) ||
891 			    !isxdigit((unsigned char)src[2]) ||
892 			    (ch = hexchar(src + 1)) == -1) {
893 				free(ret);
894 				return NULL;
895 			}
896 			*dst++ = ch;
897 			src += 2;
898 			break;
899 		default:
900 			*dst++ = *src;
901 			break;
902 		}
903 	}
904 	*dst = '\0';
905 
906 	return ret;
907 }
908 
909 /*
910  * Parse an (scp|ssh|sftp)://[user@]host[:port][/path] URI.
911  * See https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-secsh-scp-sftp-ssh-uri-04
912  * Either user or path may be url-encoded (but not host or port).
913  * Caller must free returned user, host and path.
914  * Any of the pointer return arguments may be NULL (useful for syntax checking)
915  * but the scheme must always be specified.
916  * If user was not specified then *userp will be set to NULL.
917  * If port was not specified then *portp will be -1.
918  * If path was not specified then *pathp will be set to NULL.
919  * Returns 0 on success, 1 if non-uri/wrong scheme, -1 on error/invalid uri.
920  */
921 int
922 parse_uri(const char *scheme, const char *uri, char **userp, char **hostp,
923     int *portp, char **pathp)
924 {
925 	char *uridup, *cp, *tmp, ch;
926 	char *user = NULL, *host = NULL, *path = NULL;
927 	int port = -1, ret = -1;
928 	size_t len;
929 
930 	len = strlen(scheme);
931 	if (strncmp(uri, scheme, len) != 0 || strncmp(uri + len, "://", 3) != 0)
932 		return 1;
933 	uri += len + 3;
934 
935 	if (userp != NULL)
936 		*userp = NULL;
937 	if (hostp != NULL)
938 		*hostp = NULL;
939 	if (portp != NULL)
940 		*portp = -1;
941 	if (pathp != NULL)
942 		*pathp = NULL;
943 
944 	uridup = tmp = xstrdup(uri);
945 
946 	/* Extract optional ssh-info (username + connection params) */
947 	if ((cp = strchr(tmp, '@')) != NULL) {
948 		char *delim;
949 
950 		*cp = '\0';
951 		/* Extract username and connection params */
952 		if ((delim = strchr(tmp, ';')) != NULL) {
953 			/* Just ignore connection params for now */
954 			*delim = '\0';
955 		}
956 		if (*tmp == '\0') {
957 			/* Empty username */
958 			goto out;
959 		}
960 		if ((user = urldecode(tmp)) == NULL)
961 			goto out;
962 		tmp = cp + 1;
963 	}
964 
965 	/* Extract mandatory hostname */
966 	if ((cp = hpdelim2(&tmp, &ch)) == NULL || *cp == '\0')
967 		goto out;
968 	host = xstrdup(cleanhostname(cp));
969 	if (!valid_domain(host, 0, NULL))
970 		goto out;
971 
972 	if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
973 		if (ch == ':') {
974 			/* Convert and verify port. */
975 			if ((cp = strchr(tmp, '/')) != NULL)
976 				*cp = '\0';
977 			if ((port = a2port(tmp)) <= 0)
978 				goto out;
979 			tmp = cp ? cp + 1 : NULL;
980 		}
981 		if (tmp != NULL && *tmp != '\0') {
982 			/* Extract optional path */
983 			if ((path = urldecode(tmp)) == NULL)
984 				goto out;
985 		}
986 	}
987 
988 	/* Success */
989 	if (userp != NULL) {
990 		*userp = user;
991 		user = NULL;
992 	}
993 	if (hostp != NULL) {
994 		*hostp = host;
995 		host = NULL;
996 	}
997 	if (portp != NULL)
998 		*portp = port;
999 	if (pathp != NULL) {
1000 		*pathp = path;
1001 		path = NULL;
1002 	}
1003 	ret = 0;
1004  out:
1005 	free(uridup);
1006 	free(user);
1007 	free(host);
1008 	free(path);
1009 	return ret;
1010 }
1011 
1012 /* function to assist building execv() arguments */
1013 void
1014 addargs(arglist *args, char *fmt, ...)
1015 {
1016 	va_list ap;
1017 	char *cp;
1018 	u_int nalloc;
1019 	int r;
1020 
1021 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1022 	r = vasprintf(&cp, fmt, ap);
1023 	va_end(ap);
1024 	if (r == -1)
1025 		fatal_f("argument too long");
1026 
1027 	nalloc = args->nalloc;
1028 	if (args->list == NULL) {
1029 		nalloc = 32;
1030 		args->num = 0;
1031 	} else if (args->num > (256 * 1024))
1032 		fatal_f("too many arguments");
1033 	else if (args->num >= args->nalloc)
1034 		fatal_f("arglist corrupt");
1035 	else if (args->num+2 >= nalloc)
1036 		nalloc *= 2;
1037 
1038 	args->list = xrecallocarray(args->list, args->nalloc,
1039 	    nalloc, sizeof(char *));
1040 	args->nalloc = nalloc;
1041 	args->list[args->num++] = cp;
1042 	args->list[args->num] = NULL;
1043 }
1044 
1045 void
1046 replacearg(arglist *args, u_int which, char *fmt, ...)
1047 {
1048 	va_list ap;
1049 	char *cp;
1050 	int r;
1051 
1052 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1053 	r = vasprintf(&cp, fmt, ap);
1054 	va_end(ap);
1055 	if (r == -1)
1056 		fatal_f("argument too long");
1057 	if (args->list == NULL || args->num >= args->nalloc)
1058 		fatal_f("arglist corrupt");
1059 
1060 	if (which >= args->num)
1061 		fatal_f("tried to replace invalid arg %d >= %d",
1062 		    which, args->num);
1063 	free(args->list[which]);
1064 	args->list[which] = cp;
1065 }
1066 
1067 void
1068 freeargs(arglist *args)
1069 {
1070 	u_int i;
1071 
1072 	if (args == NULL)
1073 		return;
1074 	if (args->list != NULL && args->num < args->nalloc) {
1075 		for (i = 0; i < args->num; i++)
1076 			free(args->list[i]);
1077 		free(args->list);
1078 	}
1079 	args->nalloc = args->num = 0;
1080 	args->list = NULL;
1081 }
1082 
1083 /*
1084  * Expands tildes in the file name.  Returns data allocated by xmalloc.
1085  * Warning: this calls getpw*.
1086  */
1087 int
1088 tilde_expand(const char *filename, uid_t uid, char **retp)
1089 {
1090 	char *ocopy = NULL, *copy, *s = NULL;
1091 	const char *path = NULL, *user = NULL;
1092 	struct passwd *pw;
1093 	size_t len;
1094 	int ret = -1, r, slash;
1095 
1096 	*retp = NULL;
1097 	if (*filename != '~') {
1098 		*retp = xstrdup(filename);
1099 		return 0;
1100 	}
1101 	ocopy = copy = xstrdup(filename + 1);
1102 
1103 	if (*copy == '\0')				/* ~ */
1104 		path = NULL;
1105 	else if (*copy == '/') {
1106 		copy += strspn(copy, "/");
1107 		if (*copy == '\0')
1108 			path = NULL;			/* ~/ */
1109 		else
1110 			path = copy;			/* ~/path */
1111 	} else {
1112 		user = copy;
1113 		if ((path = strchr(copy, '/')) != NULL) {
1114 			copy[path - copy] = '\0';
1115 			path++;
1116 			path += strspn(path, "/");
1117 			if (*path == '\0')		/* ~user/ */
1118 				path = NULL;
1119 			/* else				 ~user/path */
1120 		}
1121 		/* else					~user */
1122 	}
1123 	if (user != NULL) {
1124 		if ((pw = getpwnam(user)) == NULL) {
1125 			error_f("No such user %s", user);
1126 			goto out;
1127 		}
1128 	} else if ((pw = getpwuid(uid)) == NULL) {
1129 		error_f("No such uid %ld", (long)uid);
1130 		goto out;
1131 	}
1132 
1133 	/* Make sure directory has a trailing '/' */
1134 	slash = (len = strlen(pw->pw_dir)) == 0 || pw->pw_dir[len - 1] != '/';
1135 
1136 	if ((r = xasprintf(&s, "%s%s%s", pw->pw_dir,
1137 	    slash ? "/" : "", path != NULL ? path : "")) <= 0) {
1138 		error_f("xasprintf failed");
1139 		goto out;
1140 	}
1141 	if (r >= PATH_MAX) {
1142 		error_f("Path too long");
1143 		goto out;
1144 	}
1145 	/* success */
1146 	ret = 0;
1147 	*retp = s;
1148 	s = NULL;
1149  out:
1150 	free(s);
1151 	free(ocopy);
1152 	return ret;
1153 }
1154 
1155 char *
1156 tilde_expand_filename(const char *filename, uid_t uid)
1157 {
1158 	char *ret;
1159 
1160 	if (tilde_expand(filename, uid, &ret) != 0)
1161 		cleanup_exit(255);
1162 	return ret;
1163 }
1164 
1165 /*
1166  * Expand a string with a set of %[char] escapes and/or ${ENVIRONMENT}
1167  * substitutions.  A number of escapes may be specified as
1168  * (char *escape_chars, char *replacement) pairs. The list must be terminated
1169  * by a NULL escape_char. Returns replaced string in memory allocated by
1170  * xmalloc which the caller must free.
1171  */
1172 static char *
1173 vdollar_percent_expand(int *parseerror, int dollar, int percent,
1174     const char *string, va_list ap)
1175 {
1176 #define EXPAND_MAX_KEYS	16
1177 	u_int num_keys = 0, i;
1178 	struct {
1179 		const char *key;
1180 		const char *repl;
1181 	} keys[EXPAND_MAX_KEYS];
1182 	struct sshbuf *buf;
1183 	int r, missingvar = 0;
1184 	char *ret = NULL, *var, *varend, *val;
1185 	size_t len;
1186 
1187 	if ((buf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1188 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
1189 	if (parseerror == NULL)
1190 		fatal_f("null parseerror arg");
1191 	*parseerror = 1;
1192 
1193 	/* Gather keys if we're doing percent expansion. */
1194 	if (percent) {
1195 		for (num_keys = 0; num_keys < EXPAND_MAX_KEYS; num_keys++) {
1196 			keys[num_keys].key = va_arg(ap, char *);
1197 			if (keys[num_keys].key == NULL)
1198 				break;
1199 			keys[num_keys].repl = va_arg(ap, char *);
1200 			if (keys[num_keys].repl == NULL) {
1201 				fatal_f("NULL replacement for token %s",
1202 				    keys[num_keys].key);
1203 			}
1204 		}
1205 		if (num_keys == EXPAND_MAX_KEYS && va_arg(ap, char *) != NULL)
1206 			fatal_f("too many keys");
1207 		if (num_keys == 0)
1208 			fatal_f("percent expansion without token list");
1209 	}
1210 
1211 	/* Expand string */
1212 	for (i = 0; *string != '\0'; string++) {
1213 		/* Optionally process ${ENVIRONMENT} expansions. */
1214 		if (dollar && string[0] == '$' && string[1] == '{') {
1215 			string += 2;  /* skip over '${' */
1216 			if ((varend = strchr(string, '}')) == NULL) {
1217 				error_f("environment variable '%s' missing "
1218 				    "closing '}'", string);
1219 				goto out;
1220 			}
1221 			len = varend - string;
1222 			if (len == 0) {
1223 				error_f("zero-length environment variable");
1224 				goto out;
1225 			}
1226 			var = xmalloc(len + 1);
1227 			(void)strlcpy(var, string, len + 1);
1228 			if ((val = getenv(var)) == NULL) {
1229 				error_f("env var ${%s} has no value", var);
1230 				missingvar = 1;
1231 			} else {
1232 				debug3_f("expand ${%s} -> '%s'", var, val);
1233 				if ((r = sshbuf_put(buf, val, strlen(val))) !=0)
1234 					fatal_fr(r, "sshbuf_put ${}");
1235 			}
1236 			free(var);
1237 			string += len;
1238 			continue;
1239 		}
1240 
1241 		/*
1242 		 * Process percent expansions if we have a list of TOKENs.
1243 		 * If we're not doing percent expansion everything just gets
1244 		 * appended here.
1245 		 */
1246 		if (*string != '%' || !percent) {
1247  append:
1248 			if ((r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, *string)) != 0)
1249 				fatal_fr(r, "sshbuf_put_u8 %%");
1250 			continue;
1251 		}
1252 		string++;
1253 		/* %% case */
1254 		if (*string == '%')
1255 			goto append;
1256 		if (*string == '\0') {
1257 			error_f("invalid format");
1258 			goto out;
1259 		}
1260 		for (i = 0; i < num_keys; i++) {
1261 			if (strchr(keys[i].key, *string) != NULL) {
1262 				if ((r = sshbuf_put(buf, keys[i].repl,
1263 				    strlen(keys[i].repl))) != 0)
1264 					fatal_fr(r, "sshbuf_put %%-repl");
1265 				break;
1266 			}
1267 		}
1268 		if (i >= num_keys) {
1269 			error_f("unknown key %%%c", *string);
1270 			goto out;
1271 		}
1272 	}
1273 	if (!missingvar && (ret = sshbuf_dup_string(buf)) == NULL)
1274 		fatal_f("sshbuf_dup_string failed");
1275 	*parseerror = 0;
1276  out:
1277 	sshbuf_free(buf);
1278 	return *parseerror ? NULL : ret;
1279 #undef EXPAND_MAX_KEYS
1280 }
1281 
1282 /*
1283  * Expand only environment variables.
1284  * Note that although this function is variadic like the other similar
1285  * functions, any such arguments will be unused.
1286  */
1287 
1288 char *
1289 dollar_expand(int *parseerr, const char *string, ...)
1290 {
1291 	char *ret;
1292 	int err;
1293 	va_list ap;
1294 
1295 	va_start(ap, string);
1296 	ret = vdollar_percent_expand(&err, 1, 0, string, ap);
1297 	va_end(ap);
1298 	if (parseerr != NULL)
1299 		*parseerr = err;
1300 	return ret;
1301 }
1302 
1303 /*
1304  * Returns expanded string or NULL if a specified environment variable is
1305  * not defined, or calls fatal if the string is invalid.
1306  */
1307 char *
1308 percent_expand(const char *string, ...)
1309 {
1310 	char *ret;
1311 	int err;
1312 	va_list ap;
1313 
1314 	va_start(ap, string);
1315 	ret = vdollar_percent_expand(&err, 0, 1, string, ap);
1316 	va_end(ap);
1317 	if (err)
1318 		fatal_f("failed");
1319 	return ret;
1320 }
1321 
1322 /*
1323  * Returns expanded string or NULL if a specified environment variable is
1324  * not defined, or calls fatal if the string is invalid.
1325  */
1326 char *
1327 percent_dollar_expand(const char *string, ...)
1328 {
1329 	char *ret;
1330 	int err;
1331 	va_list ap;
1332 
1333 	va_start(ap, string);
1334 	ret = vdollar_percent_expand(&err, 1, 1, string, ap);
1335 	va_end(ap);
1336 	if (err)
1337 		fatal_f("failed");
1338 	return ret;
1339 }
1340 
1341 int
1342 tun_open(int tun, int mode, char **ifname)
1343 {
1344 	struct ifreq ifr;
1345 	char name[100];
1346 	int fd = -1, sock;
1347 	const char *tunbase = "tun";
1348 
1349 	if (ifname != NULL)
1350 		*ifname = NULL;
1351 
1352 	if (mode == SSH_TUNMODE_ETHERNET)
1353 		tunbase = "tap";
1354 
1355 	/* Open the tunnel device */
1356 	if (tun <= SSH_TUNID_MAX) {
1357 		snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "/dev/%s%d", tunbase, tun);
1358 		fd = open(name, O_RDWR);
1359 	} else if (tun == SSH_TUNID_ANY) {
1360 		for (tun = 100; tun >= 0; tun--) {
1361 			snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "/dev/%s%d",
1362 			    tunbase, tun);
1363 			if ((fd = open(name, O_RDWR)) >= 0)
1364 				break;
1365 		}
1366 	} else {
1367 		debug_f("invalid tunnel %u", tun);
1368 		return -1;
1369 	}
1370 
1371 	if (fd == -1) {
1372 		debug_f("%s open: %s", name, strerror(errno));
1373 		return -1;
1374 	}
1375 
1376 	debug_f("%s mode %d fd %d", name, mode, fd);
1377 
1378 	/* Bring interface up if it is not already */
1379 	snprintf(ifr.ifr_name, sizeof(ifr.ifr_name), "%s%d", tunbase, tun);
1380 	if ((sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1)
1381 		goto failed;
1382 
1383 	if (ioctl(sock, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
1384 		debug_f("get interface %s flags: %s", ifr.ifr_name,
1385 		    strerror(errno));
1386 		goto failed;
1387 	}
1388 
1389 	if (!(ifr.ifr_flags & IFF_UP)) {
1390 		ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP;
1391 		if (ioctl(sock, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) == -1) {
1392 			debug_f("activate interface %s: %s", ifr.ifr_name,
1393 			    strerror(errno));
1394 			goto failed;
1395 		}
1396 	}
1397 
1398 	if (ifname != NULL)
1399 		*ifname = xstrdup(ifr.ifr_name);
1400 
1401 	close(sock);
1402 	return fd;
1403 
1404  failed:
1405 	if (fd >= 0)
1406 		close(fd);
1407 	if (sock >= 0)
1408 		close(sock);
1409 	return -1;
1410 }
1411 
1412 void
1413 sanitise_stdfd(void)
1414 {
1415 	int nullfd, dupfd;
1416 
1417 	if ((nullfd = dupfd = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
1418 		fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't open /dev/null: %s\n",
1419 		    strerror(errno));
1420 		exit(1);
1421 	}
1422 	while (++dupfd <= STDERR_FILENO) {
1423 		/* Only populate closed fds. */
1424 		if (fcntl(dupfd, F_GETFL) == -1 && errno == EBADF) {
1425 			if (dup2(nullfd, dupfd) == -1) {
1426 				fprintf(stderr, "dup2: %s\n", strerror(errno));
1427 				exit(1);
1428 			}
1429 		}
1430 	}
1431 	if (nullfd > STDERR_FILENO)
1432 		close(nullfd);
1433 }
1434 
1435 char *
1436 tohex(const void *vp, size_t l)
1437 {
1438 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1439 	char b[3], *r;
1440 	size_t i, hl;
1441 
1442 	if (l > 65536)
1443 		return xstrdup("tohex: length > 65536");
1444 
1445 	hl = l * 2 + 1;
1446 	r = xcalloc(1, hl);
1447 	for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
1448 		snprintf(b, sizeof(b), "%02x", p[i]);
1449 		strlcat(r, b, hl);
1450 	}
1451 	return (r);
1452 }
1453 
1454 /*
1455  * Extend string *sp by the specified format. If *sp is not NULL (or empty),
1456  * then the separator 'sep' will be prepended before the formatted arguments.
1457  * Extended strings are heap allocated.
1458  */
1459 void
1460 xextendf(char **sp, const char *sep, const char *fmt, ...)
1461 {
1462 	va_list ap;
1463 	char *tmp1, *tmp2;
1464 
1465 	va_start(ap, fmt);
1466 	xvasprintf(&tmp1, fmt, ap);
1467 	va_end(ap);
1468 
1469 	if (*sp == NULL || **sp == '\0') {
1470 		free(*sp);
1471 		*sp = tmp1;
1472 		return;
1473 	}
1474 	xasprintf(&tmp2, "%s%s%s", *sp, sep == NULL ? "" : sep, tmp1);
1475 	free(tmp1);
1476 	free(*sp);
1477 	*sp = tmp2;
1478 }
1479 
1480 
1481 u_int64_t
1482 get_u64(const void *vp)
1483 {
1484 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1485 	u_int64_t v;
1486 
1487 	v  = (u_int64_t)p[0] << 56;
1488 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[1] << 48;
1489 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[2] << 40;
1490 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[3] << 32;
1491 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[4] << 24;
1492 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[5] << 16;
1493 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[6] << 8;
1494 	v |= (u_int64_t)p[7];
1495 
1496 	return (v);
1497 }
1498 
1499 u_int32_t
1500 get_u32(const void *vp)
1501 {
1502 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1503 	u_int32_t v;
1504 
1505 	v  = (u_int32_t)p[0] << 24;
1506 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[1] << 16;
1507 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[2] << 8;
1508 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[3];
1509 
1510 	return (v);
1511 }
1512 
1513 u_int32_t
1514 get_u32_le(const void *vp)
1515 {
1516 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1517 	u_int32_t v;
1518 
1519 	v  = (u_int32_t)p[0];
1520 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[1] << 8;
1521 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[2] << 16;
1522 	v |= (u_int32_t)p[3] << 24;
1523 
1524 	return (v);
1525 }
1526 
1527 u_int16_t
1528 get_u16(const void *vp)
1529 {
1530 	const u_char *p = (const u_char *)vp;
1531 	u_int16_t v;
1532 
1533 	v  = (u_int16_t)p[0] << 8;
1534 	v |= (u_int16_t)p[1];
1535 
1536 	return (v);
1537 }
1538 
1539 void
1540 put_u64(void *vp, u_int64_t v)
1541 {
1542 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1543 
1544 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 56) & 0xff;
1545 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 48) & 0xff;
1546 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 40) & 0xff;
1547 	p[3] = (u_char)(v >> 32) & 0xff;
1548 	p[4] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1549 	p[5] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1550 	p[6] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1551 	p[7] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1552 }
1553 
1554 void
1555 put_u32(void *vp, u_int32_t v)
1556 {
1557 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1558 
1559 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1560 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1561 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1562 	p[3] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1563 }
1564 
1565 void
1566 put_u32_le(void *vp, u_int32_t v)
1567 {
1568 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1569 
1570 	p[0] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1571 	p[1] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1572 	p[2] = (u_char)(v >> 16) & 0xff;
1573 	p[3] = (u_char)(v >> 24) & 0xff;
1574 }
1575 
1576 void
1577 put_u16(void *vp, u_int16_t v)
1578 {
1579 	u_char *p = (u_char *)vp;
1580 
1581 	p[0] = (u_char)(v >> 8) & 0xff;
1582 	p[1] = (u_char)v & 0xff;
1583 }
1584 
1585 void
1586 ms_subtract_diff(struct timeval *start, int *ms)
1587 {
1588 	struct timeval diff, finish;
1589 
1590 	monotime_tv(&finish);
1591 	timersub(&finish, start, &diff);
1592 	*ms -= (diff.tv_sec * 1000) + (diff.tv_usec / 1000);
1593 }
1594 
1595 void
1596 ms_to_timespec(struct timespec *ts, int ms)
1597 {
1598 	if (ms < 0)
1599 		ms = 0;
1600 	ts->tv_sec = ms / 1000;
1601 	ts->tv_nsec = (ms % 1000) * 1000 * 1000;
1602 }
1603 
1604 void
1605 monotime_ts(struct timespec *ts)
1606 {
1607 	if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ts) != 0)
1608 		fatal("clock_gettime: %s", strerror(errno));
1609 }
1610 
1611 void
1612 monotime_tv(struct timeval *tv)
1613 {
1614 	struct timespec ts;
1615 
1616 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1617 	tv->tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
1618 	tv->tv_usec = ts.tv_nsec / 1000;
1619 }
1620 
1621 time_t
1622 monotime(void)
1623 {
1624 	struct timespec ts;
1625 
1626 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1627 	return (ts.tv_sec);
1628 }
1629 
1630 double
1631 monotime_double(void)
1632 {
1633 	struct timespec ts;
1634 
1635 	monotime_ts(&ts);
1636 	return (double)ts.tv_sec + (double)ts.tv_nsec / 1000000000.0;
1637 }
1638 
1639 void
1640 bandwidth_limit_init(struct bwlimit *bw, u_int64_t kbps, size_t buflen)
1641 {
1642 	bw->buflen = buflen;
1643 	bw->rate = kbps;
1644 	bw->thresh = buflen;
1645 	bw->lamt = 0;
1646 	timerclear(&bw->bwstart);
1647 	timerclear(&bw->bwend);
1648 }
1649 
1650 /* Callback from read/write loop to insert bandwidth-limiting delays */
1651 void
1652 bandwidth_limit(struct bwlimit *bw, size_t read_len)
1653 {
1654 	u_int64_t waitlen;
1655 	struct timespec ts, rm;
1656 
1657 	bw->lamt += read_len;
1658 	if (!timerisset(&bw->bwstart)) {
1659 		monotime_tv(&bw->bwstart);
1660 		return;
1661 	}
1662 	if (bw->lamt < bw->thresh)
1663 		return;
1664 
1665 	monotime_tv(&bw->bwend);
1666 	timersub(&bw->bwend, &bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend);
1667 	if (!timerisset(&bw->bwend))
1668 		return;
1669 
1670 	bw->lamt *= 8;
1671 	waitlen = (double)1000000L * bw->lamt / bw->rate;
1672 
1673 	bw->bwstart.tv_sec = waitlen / 1000000L;
1674 	bw->bwstart.tv_usec = waitlen % 1000000L;
1675 
1676 	if (timercmp(&bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend, >)) {
1677 		timersub(&bw->bwstart, &bw->bwend, &bw->bwend);
1678 
1679 		/* Adjust the wait time */
1680 		if (bw->bwend.tv_sec) {
1681 			bw->thresh /= 2;
1682 			if (bw->thresh < bw->buflen / 4)
1683 				bw->thresh = bw->buflen / 4;
1684 		} else if (bw->bwend.tv_usec < 10000) {
1685 			bw->thresh *= 2;
1686 			if (bw->thresh > bw->buflen * 8)
1687 				bw->thresh = bw->buflen * 8;
1688 		}
1689 
1690 		TIMEVAL_TO_TIMESPEC(&bw->bwend, &ts);
1691 		while (nanosleep(&ts, &rm) == -1) {
1692 			if (errno != EINTR)
1693 				break;
1694 			ts = rm;
1695 		}
1696 	}
1697 
1698 	bw->lamt = 0;
1699 	monotime_tv(&bw->bwstart);
1700 }
1701 
1702 /* Make a template filename for mk[sd]temp() */
1703 void
1704 mktemp_proto(char *s, size_t len)
1705 {
1706 	const char *tmpdir;
1707 	int r;
1708 
1709 	if ((tmpdir = getenv("TMPDIR")) != NULL) {
1710 		r = snprintf(s, len, "%s/ssh-XXXXXXXXXXXX", tmpdir);
1711 		if (r > 0 && (size_t)r < len)
1712 			return;
1713 	}
1714 	r = snprintf(s, len, "/tmp/ssh-XXXXXXXXXXXX");
1715 	if (r < 0 || (size_t)r >= len)
1716 		fatal_f("template string too short");
1717 }
1718 
1719 static const struct {
1720 	const char *name;
1721 	int value;
1722 } ipqos[] = {
1723 	{ "none", INT_MAX },		/* can't use 0 here; that's CS0 */
1724 	{ "af11", IPTOS_DSCP_AF11 },
1725 	{ "af12", IPTOS_DSCP_AF12 },
1726 	{ "af13", IPTOS_DSCP_AF13 },
1727 	{ "af21", IPTOS_DSCP_AF21 },
1728 	{ "af22", IPTOS_DSCP_AF22 },
1729 	{ "af23", IPTOS_DSCP_AF23 },
1730 	{ "af31", IPTOS_DSCP_AF31 },
1731 	{ "af32", IPTOS_DSCP_AF32 },
1732 	{ "af33", IPTOS_DSCP_AF33 },
1733 	{ "af41", IPTOS_DSCP_AF41 },
1734 	{ "af42", IPTOS_DSCP_AF42 },
1735 	{ "af43", IPTOS_DSCP_AF43 },
1736 	{ "cs0", IPTOS_DSCP_CS0 },
1737 	{ "cs1", IPTOS_DSCP_CS1 },
1738 	{ "cs2", IPTOS_DSCP_CS2 },
1739 	{ "cs3", IPTOS_DSCP_CS3 },
1740 	{ "cs4", IPTOS_DSCP_CS4 },
1741 	{ "cs5", IPTOS_DSCP_CS5 },
1742 	{ "cs6", IPTOS_DSCP_CS6 },
1743 	{ "cs7", IPTOS_DSCP_CS7 },
1744 	{ "ef", IPTOS_DSCP_EF },
1745 	{ "le", IPTOS_DSCP_LE },
1746 	{ "lowdelay", IPTOS_LOWDELAY },
1747 	{ "throughput", IPTOS_THROUGHPUT },
1748 	{ "reliability", IPTOS_RELIABILITY },
1749 	{ NULL, -1 }
1750 };
1751 
1752 int
1753 parse_ipqos(const char *cp)
1754 {
1755 	u_int i;
1756 	char *ep;
1757 	long val;
1758 
1759 	if (cp == NULL)
1760 		return -1;
1761 	for (i = 0; ipqos[i].name != NULL; i++) {
1762 		if (strcasecmp(cp, ipqos[i].name) == 0)
1763 			return ipqos[i].value;
1764 	}
1765 	/* Try parsing as an integer */
1766 	val = strtol(cp, &ep, 0);
1767 	if (*cp == '\0' || *ep != '\0' || val < 0 || val > 255)
1768 		return -1;
1769 	return val;
1770 }
1771 
1772 const char *
1773 iptos2str(int iptos)
1774 {
1775 	int i;
1776 	static char iptos_str[sizeof "0xff"];
1777 
1778 	for (i = 0; ipqos[i].name != NULL; i++) {
1779 		if (ipqos[i].value == iptos)
1780 			return ipqos[i].name;
1781 	}
1782 	snprintf(iptos_str, sizeof iptos_str, "0x%02x", iptos);
1783 	return iptos_str;
1784 }
1785 
1786 void
1787 lowercase(char *s)
1788 {
1789 	for (; *s; s++)
1790 		*s = tolower((u_char)*s);
1791 }
1792 
1793 int
1794 unix_listener(const char *path, int backlog, int unlink_first)
1795 {
1796 	struct sockaddr_un sunaddr;
1797 	int saved_errno, sock;
1798 
1799 	memset(&sunaddr, 0, sizeof(sunaddr));
1800 	sunaddr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
1801 	if (strlcpy(sunaddr.sun_path, path,
1802 	    sizeof(sunaddr.sun_path)) >= sizeof(sunaddr.sun_path)) {
1803 		error_f("path \"%s\" too long for Unix domain socket", path);
1804 		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
1805 		return -1;
1806 	}
1807 
1808 	sock = socket(PF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
1809 	if (sock == -1) {
1810 		saved_errno = errno;
1811 		error_f("socket: %.100s", strerror(errno));
1812 		errno = saved_errno;
1813 		return -1;
1814 	}
1815 	if (unlink_first == 1) {
1816 		if (unlink(path) != 0 && errno != ENOENT)
1817 			error("unlink(%s): %.100s", path, strerror(errno));
1818 	}
1819 	if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *)&sunaddr, sizeof(sunaddr)) == -1) {
1820 		saved_errno = errno;
1821 		error_f("cannot bind to path %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
1822 		close(sock);
1823 		errno = saved_errno;
1824 		return -1;
1825 	}
1826 	if (listen(sock, backlog) == -1) {
1827 		saved_errno = errno;
1828 		error_f("cannot listen on path %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
1829 		close(sock);
1830 		unlink(path);
1831 		errno = saved_errno;
1832 		return -1;
1833 	}
1834 	return sock;
1835 }
1836 
1837 /*
1838  * Compares two strings that maybe be NULL. Returns non-zero if strings
1839  * are both NULL or are identical, returns zero otherwise.
1840  */
1841 static int
1842 strcmp_maybe_null(const char *a, const char *b)
1843 {
1844 	if ((a == NULL && b != NULL) || (a != NULL && b == NULL))
1845 		return 0;
1846 	if (a != NULL && strcmp(a, b) != 0)
1847 		return 0;
1848 	return 1;
1849 }
1850 
1851 /*
1852  * Compare two forwards, returning non-zero if they are identical or
1853  * zero otherwise.
1854  */
1855 int
1856 forward_equals(const struct Forward *a, const struct Forward *b)
1857 {
1858 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->listen_host, b->listen_host) == 0)
1859 		return 0;
1860 	if (a->listen_port != b->listen_port)
1861 		return 0;
1862 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->listen_path, b->listen_path) == 0)
1863 		return 0;
1864 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->connect_host, b->connect_host) == 0)
1865 		return 0;
1866 	if (a->connect_port != b->connect_port)
1867 		return 0;
1868 	if (strcmp_maybe_null(a->connect_path, b->connect_path) == 0)
1869 		return 0;
1870 	/* allocated_port and handle are not checked */
1871 	return 1;
1872 }
1873 
1874 /* returns 1 if process is already daemonized, 0 otherwise */
1875 int
1876 daemonized(void)
1877 {
1878 	int fd;
1879 
1880 	if ((fd = open(_PATH_TTY, O_RDONLY | O_NOCTTY)) >= 0) {
1881 		close(fd);
1882 		return 0;	/* have controlling terminal */
1883 	}
1884 	if (getppid() != 1)
1885 		return 0;	/* parent is not init */
1886 	if (getsid(0) != getpid())
1887 		return 0;	/* not session leader */
1888 	debug3("already daemonized");
1889 	return 1;
1890 }
1891 
1892 /*
1893  * Splits 's' into an argument vector. Handles quoted string and basic
1894  * escape characters (\\, \", \'). Caller must free the argument vector
1895  * and its members.
1896  */
1897 int
1898 argv_split(const char *s, int *argcp, char ***argvp, int terminate_on_comment)
1899 {
1900 	int r = SSH_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR;
1901 	int argc = 0, quote, i, j;
1902 	char *arg, **argv = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*argv));
1903 
1904 	*argvp = NULL;
1905 	*argcp = 0;
1906 
1907 	for (i = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
1908 		/* Skip leading whitespace */
1909 		if (s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t')
1910 			continue;
1911 		if (terminate_on_comment && s[i] == '#')
1912 			break;
1913 		/* Start of a token */
1914 		quote = 0;
1915 
1916 		argv = xreallocarray(argv, (argc + 2), sizeof(*argv));
1917 		arg = argv[argc++] = xcalloc(1, strlen(s + i) + 1);
1918 		argv[argc] = NULL;
1919 
1920 		/* Copy the token in, removing escapes */
1921 		for (j = 0; s[i] != '\0'; i++) {
1922 			if (s[i] == '\\') {
1923 				if (s[i + 1] == '\'' ||
1924 				    s[i + 1] == '\"' ||
1925 				    s[i + 1] == '\\' ||
1926 				    (quote == 0 && s[i + 1] == ' ')) {
1927 					i++; /* Skip '\' */
1928 					arg[j++] = s[i];
1929 				} else {
1930 					/* Unrecognised escape */
1931 					arg[j++] = s[i];
1932 				}
1933 			} else if (quote == 0 && (s[i] == ' ' || s[i] == '\t'))
1934 				break; /* done */
1935 			else if (quote == 0 && (s[i] == '\"' || s[i] == '\''))
1936 				quote = s[i]; /* quote start */
1937 			else if (quote != 0 && s[i] == quote)
1938 				quote = 0; /* quote end */
1939 			else
1940 				arg[j++] = s[i];
1941 		}
1942 		if (s[i] == '\0') {
1943 			if (quote != 0) {
1944 				/* Ran out of string looking for close quote */
1945 				r = SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
1946 				goto out;
1947 			}
1948 			break;
1949 		}
1950 	}
1951 	/* Success */
1952 	*argcp = argc;
1953 	*argvp = argv;
1954 	argc = 0;
1955 	argv = NULL;
1956 	r = 0;
1957  out:
1958 	if (argc != 0 && argv != NULL) {
1959 		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
1960 			free(argv[i]);
1961 		free(argv);
1962 	}
1963 	return r;
1964 }
1965 
1966 /*
1967  * Reassemble an argument vector into a string, quoting and escaping as
1968  * necessary. Caller must free returned string.
1969  */
1970 char *
1971 argv_assemble(int argc, char **argv)
1972 {
1973 	int i, j, ws, r;
1974 	char c, *ret;
1975 	struct sshbuf *buf, *arg;
1976 
1977 	if ((buf = sshbuf_new()) == NULL || (arg = sshbuf_new()) == NULL)
1978 		fatal_f("sshbuf_new failed");
1979 
1980 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
1981 		ws = 0;
1982 		sshbuf_reset(arg);
1983 		for (j = 0; argv[i][j] != '\0'; j++) {
1984 			r = 0;
1985 			c = argv[i][j];
1986 			switch (c) {
1987 			case ' ':
1988 			case '\t':
1989 				ws = 1;
1990 				r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, c);
1991 				break;
1992 			case '\\':
1993 			case '\'':
1994 			case '"':
1995 				if ((r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, '\\')) != 0)
1996 					break;
1997 				/* FALLTHROUGH */
1998 			default:
1999 				r = sshbuf_put_u8(arg, c);
2000 				break;
2001 			}
2002 			if (r != 0)
2003 				fatal_fr(r, "sshbuf_put_u8");
2004 		}
2005 		if ((i != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, ' ')) != 0) ||
2006 		    (ws != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, '"')) != 0) ||
2007 		    (r = sshbuf_putb(buf, arg)) != 0 ||
2008 		    (ws != 0 && (r = sshbuf_put_u8(buf, '"')) != 0))
2009 			fatal_fr(r, "assemble");
2010 	}
2011 	if ((ret = malloc(sshbuf_len(buf) + 1)) == NULL)
2012 		fatal_f("malloc failed");
2013 	memcpy(ret, sshbuf_ptr(buf), sshbuf_len(buf));
2014 	ret[sshbuf_len(buf)] = '\0';
2015 	sshbuf_free(buf);
2016 	sshbuf_free(arg);
2017 	return ret;
2018 }
2019 
2020 char *
2021 argv_next(int *argcp, char ***argvp)
2022 {
2023 	char *ret = (*argvp)[0];
2024 
2025 	if (*argcp > 0 && ret != NULL) {
2026 		(*argcp)--;
2027 		(*argvp)++;
2028 	}
2029 	return ret;
2030 }
2031 
2032 void
2033 argv_consume(int *argcp)
2034 {
2035 	*argcp = 0;
2036 }
2037 
2038 void
2039 argv_free(char **av, int ac)
2040 {
2041 	int i;
2042 
2043 	if (av == NULL)
2044 		return;
2045 	for (i = 0; i < ac; i++)
2046 		free(av[i]);
2047 	free(av);
2048 }
2049 
2050 /* Returns 0 if pid exited cleanly, non-zero otherwise */
2051 int
2052 exited_cleanly(pid_t pid, const char *tag, const char *cmd, int quiet)
2053 {
2054 	int status;
2055 
2056 	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) == -1) {
2057 		if (errno != EINTR) {
2058 			error("%s waitpid: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2059 			return -1;
2060 		}
2061 	}
2062 	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
2063 		error("%s %s exited on signal %d", tag, cmd, WTERMSIG(status));
2064 		return -1;
2065 	} else if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) {
2066 		do_log2(quiet ? SYSLOG_LEVEL_DEBUG1 : SYSLOG_LEVEL_INFO,
2067 		    "%s %s failed, status %d", tag, cmd, WEXITSTATUS(status));
2068 		return -1;
2069 	}
2070 	return 0;
2071 }
2072 
2073 /*
2074  * Check a given path for security. This is defined as all components
2075  * of the path to the file must be owned by either the owner of
2076  * of the file or root and no directories must be group or world writable.
2077  *
2078  * XXX Should any specific check be done for sym links ?
2079  *
2080  * Takes a file name, its stat information (preferably from fstat() to
2081  * avoid races), the uid of the expected owner, their home directory and an
2082  * error buffer plus max size as arguments.
2083  *
2084  * Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure
2085  */
2086 int
2087 safe_path(const char *name, struct stat *stp, const char *pw_dir,
2088     uid_t uid, char *err, size_t errlen)
2089 {
2090 	char buf[PATH_MAX], homedir[PATH_MAX];
2091 	char *cp;
2092 	int comparehome = 0;
2093 	struct stat st;
2094 
2095 	if (realpath(name, buf) == NULL) {
2096 		snprintf(err, errlen, "realpath %s failed: %s", name,
2097 		    strerror(errno));
2098 		return -1;
2099 	}
2100 	if (pw_dir != NULL && realpath(pw_dir, homedir) != NULL)
2101 		comparehome = 1;
2102 
2103 	if (!S_ISREG(stp->st_mode)) {
2104 		snprintf(err, errlen, "%s is not a regular file", buf);
2105 		return -1;
2106 	}
2107 	if ((stp->st_uid != 0 && stp->st_uid != uid) ||
2108 	    (stp->st_mode & 022) != 0) {
2109 		snprintf(err, errlen, "bad ownership or modes for file %s",
2110 		    buf);
2111 		return -1;
2112 	}
2113 
2114 	/* for each component of the canonical path, walking upwards */
2115 	for (;;) {
2116 		if ((cp = dirname(buf)) == NULL) {
2117 			snprintf(err, errlen, "dirname() failed");
2118 			return -1;
2119 		}
2120 		strlcpy(buf, cp, sizeof(buf));
2121 
2122 		if (stat(buf, &st) == -1 ||
2123 		    (st.st_uid != 0 && st.st_uid != uid) ||
2124 		    (st.st_mode & 022) != 0) {
2125 			snprintf(err, errlen,
2126 			    "bad ownership or modes for directory %s", buf);
2127 			return -1;
2128 		}
2129 
2130 		/* If are past the homedir then we can stop */
2131 		if (comparehome && strcmp(homedir, buf) == 0)
2132 			break;
2133 
2134 		/*
2135 		 * dirname should always complete with a "/" path,
2136 		 * but we can be paranoid and check for "." too
2137 		 */
2138 		if ((strcmp("/", buf) == 0) || (strcmp(".", buf) == 0))
2139 			break;
2140 	}
2141 	return 0;
2142 }
2143 
2144 /*
2145  * Version of safe_path() that accepts an open file descriptor to
2146  * avoid races.
2147  *
2148  * Returns 0 on success and -1 on failure
2149  */
2150 int
2151 safe_path_fd(int fd, const char *file, struct passwd *pw,
2152     char *err, size_t errlen)
2153 {
2154 	struct stat st;
2155 
2156 	/* check the open file to avoid races */
2157 	if (fstat(fd, &st) == -1) {
2158 		snprintf(err, errlen, "cannot stat file %s: %s",
2159 		    file, strerror(errno));
2160 		return -1;
2161 	}
2162 	return safe_path(file, &st, pw->pw_dir, pw->pw_uid, err, errlen);
2163 }
2164 
2165 /*
2166  * Sets the value of the given variable in the environment.  If the variable
2167  * already exists, its value is overridden.
2168  */
2169 void
2170 child_set_env(char ***envp, u_int *envsizep, const char *name,
2171 	const char *value)
2172 {
2173 	char **env;
2174 	u_int envsize;
2175 	u_int i, namelen;
2176 
2177 	if (strchr(name, '=') != NULL) {
2178 		error("Invalid environment variable \"%.100s\"", name);
2179 		return;
2180 	}
2181 
2182 	/*
2183 	 * Find the slot where the value should be stored.  If the variable
2184 	 * already exists, we reuse the slot; otherwise we append a new slot
2185 	 * at the end of the array, expanding if necessary.
2186 	 */
2187 	env = *envp;
2188 	namelen = strlen(name);
2189 	for (i = 0; env[i]; i++)
2190 		if (strncmp(env[i], name, namelen) == 0 && env[i][namelen] == '=')
2191 			break;
2192 	if (env[i]) {
2193 		/* Reuse the slot. */
2194 		free(env[i]);
2195 	} else {
2196 		/* New variable.  Expand if necessary. */
2197 		envsize = *envsizep;
2198 		if (i >= envsize - 1) {
2199 			if (envsize >= 1000)
2200 				fatal("child_set_env: too many env vars");
2201 			envsize += 50;
2202 			env = (*envp) = xreallocarray(env, envsize, sizeof(char *));
2203 			*envsizep = envsize;
2204 		}
2205 		/* Need to set the NULL pointer at end of array beyond the new slot. */
2206 		env[i + 1] = NULL;
2207 	}
2208 
2209 	/* Allocate space and format the variable in the appropriate slot. */
2210 	/* XXX xasprintf */
2211 	env[i] = xmalloc(strlen(name) + 1 + strlen(value) + 1);
2212 	snprintf(env[i], strlen(name) + 1 + strlen(value) + 1, "%s=%s", name, value);
2213 }
2214 
2215 /*
2216  * Check and optionally lowercase a domain name, also removes trailing '.'
2217  * Returns 1 on success and 0 on failure, storing an error message in errstr.
2218  */
2219 int
2220 valid_domain(char *name, int makelower, const char **errstr)
2221 {
2222 	size_t i, l = strlen(name);
2223 	u_char c, last = '\0';
2224 	static char errbuf[256];
2225 
2226 	if (l == 0) {
2227 		strlcpy(errbuf, "empty domain name", sizeof(errbuf));
2228 		goto bad;
2229 	}
2230 	if (!isalpha((u_char)name[0]) && !isdigit((u_char)name[0])) {
2231 		snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name \"%.100s\" "
2232 		    "starts with invalid character", name);
2233 		goto bad;
2234 	}
2235 	for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
2236 		c = tolower((u_char)name[i]);
2237 		if (makelower)
2238 			name[i] = (char)c;
2239 		if (last == '.' && c == '.') {
2240 			snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name "
2241 			    "\"%.100s\" contains consecutive separators", name);
2242 			goto bad;
2243 		}
2244 		if (c != '.' && c != '-' && !isalnum(c) &&
2245 		    c != '_') /* technically invalid, but common */ {
2246 			snprintf(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), "domain name "
2247 			    "\"%.100s\" contains invalid characters", name);
2248 			goto bad;
2249 		}
2250 		last = c;
2251 	}
2252 	if (name[l - 1] == '.')
2253 		name[l - 1] = '\0';
2254 	if (errstr != NULL)
2255 		*errstr = NULL;
2256 	return 1;
2257 bad:
2258 	if (errstr != NULL)
2259 		*errstr = errbuf;
2260 	return 0;
2261 }
2262 
2263 /*
2264  * Verify that a environment variable name (not including initial '$') is
2265  * valid; consisting of one or more alphanumeric or underscore characters only.
2266  * Returns 1 on valid, 0 otherwise.
2267  */
2268 int
2269 valid_env_name(const char *name)
2270 {
2271 	const char *cp;
2272 
2273 	if (name[0] == '\0')
2274 		return 0;
2275 	for (cp = name; *cp != '\0'; cp++) {
2276 		if (!isalnum((u_char)*cp) && *cp != '_')
2277 			return 0;
2278 	}
2279 	return 1;
2280 }
2281 
2282 const char *
2283 atoi_err(const char *nptr, int *val)
2284 {
2285 	const char *errstr = NULL;
2286 	long long num;
2287 
2288 	if (nptr == NULL || *nptr == '\0')
2289 		return "missing";
2290 	num = strtonum(nptr, 0, INT_MAX, &errstr);
2291 	if (errstr == NULL)
2292 		*val = (int)num;
2293 	return errstr;
2294 }
2295 
2296 int
2297 parse_absolute_time(const char *s, uint64_t *tp)
2298 {
2299 	struct tm tm;
2300 	time_t tt;
2301 	char buf[32], *fmt;
2302 	const char *cp;
2303 	size_t l;
2304 	int is_utc = 0;
2305 
2306 	*tp = 0;
2307 
2308 	l = strlen(s);
2309 	if (l > 1 && strcasecmp(s + l - 1, "Z") == 0) {
2310 		is_utc = 1;
2311 		l--;
2312 	} else if (l > 3 && strcasecmp(s + l - 3, "UTC") == 0) {
2313 		is_utc = 1;
2314 		l -= 3;
2315 	}
2316 	/*
2317 	 * POSIX strptime says "The application shall ensure that there
2318 	 * is white-space or other non-alphanumeric characters between
2319 	 * any two conversion specifications" so arrange things this way.
2320 	 */
2321 	switch (l) {
2322 	case 8: /* YYYYMMDD */
2323 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%d";
2324 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2s", s, s + 4, s + 6);
2325 		break;
2326 	case 12: /* YYYYMMDDHHMM */
2327 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M";
2328 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2sT%.2s:%.2s",
2329 		    s, s + 4, s + 6, s + 8, s + 10);
2330 		break;
2331 	case 14: /* YYYYMMDDHHMMSS */
2332 		fmt = "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S";
2333 		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%.4s-%.2s-%.2sT%.2s:%.2s:%.2s",
2334 		    s, s + 4, s + 6, s + 8, s + 10, s + 12);
2335 		break;
2336 	default:
2337 		return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2338 	}
2339 
2340 	memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(tm));
2341 	if ((cp = strptime(buf, fmt, &tm)) == NULL || *cp != '\0')
2342 		return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2343 	if (is_utc) {
2344 		if ((tt = timegm(&tm)) < 0)
2345 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2346 	} else {
2347 		if ((tt = mktime(&tm)) < 0)
2348 			return SSH_ERR_INVALID_FORMAT;
2349 	}
2350 	/* success */
2351 	*tp = (uint64_t)tt;
2352 	return 0;
2353 }
2354 
2355 void
2356 format_absolute_time(uint64_t t, char *buf, size_t len)
2357 {
2358 	time_t tt = t > SSH_TIME_T_MAX ? SSH_TIME_T_MAX : t;
2359 	struct tm tm;
2360 
2361 	localtime_r(&tt, &tm);
2362 	strftime(buf, len, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", &tm);
2363 }
2364 
2365 /* check if path is absolute */
2366 int
2367 path_absolute(const char *path)
2368 {
2369 	return (*path == '/') ? 1 : 0;
2370 }
2371 
2372 void
2373 skip_space(char **cpp)
2374 {
2375 	char *cp;
2376 
2377 	for (cp = *cpp; *cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t'; cp++)
2378 		;
2379 	*cpp = cp;
2380 }
2381 
2382 /* authorized_key-style options parsing helpers */
2383 
2384 /*
2385  * Match flag 'opt' in *optsp, and if allow_negate is set then also match
2386  * 'no-opt'. Returns -1 if option not matched, 1 if option matches or 0
2387  * if negated option matches.
2388  * If the option or negated option matches, then *optsp is updated to
2389  * point to the first character after the option.
2390  */
2391 int
2392 opt_flag(const char *opt, int allow_negate, const char **optsp)
2393 {
2394 	size_t opt_len = strlen(opt);
2395 	const char *opts = *optsp;
2396 	int negate = 0;
2397 
2398 	if (allow_negate && strncasecmp(opts, "no-", 3) == 0) {
2399 		opts += 3;
2400 		negate = 1;
2401 	}
2402 	if (strncasecmp(opts, opt, opt_len) == 0) {
2403 		*optsp = opts + opt_len;
2404 		return negate ? 0 : 1;
2405 	}
2406 	return -1;
2407 }
2408 
2409 char *
2410 opt_dequote(const char **sp, const char **errstrp)
2411 {
2412 	const char *s = *sp;
2413 	char *ret;
2414 	size_t i;
2415 
2416 	*errstrp = NULL;
2417 	if (*s != '"') {
2418 		*errstrp = "missing start quote";
2419 		return NULL;
2420 	}
2421 	s++;
2422 	if ((ret = malloc(strlen((s)) + 1)) == NULL) {
2423 		*errstrp = "memory allocation failed";
2424 		return NULL;
2425 	}
2426 	for (i = 0; *s != '\0' && *s != '"';) {
2427 		if (s[0] == '\\' && s[1] == '"')
2428 			s++;
2429 		ret[i++] = *s++;
2430 	}
2431 	if (*s == '\0') {
2432 		*errstrp = "missing end quote";
2433 		free(ret);
2434 		return NULL;
2435 	}
2436 	ret[i] = '\0';
2437 	s++;
2438 	*sp = s;
2439 	return ret;
2440 }
2441 
2442 int
2443 opt_match(const char **opts, const char *term)
2444 {
2445 	if (strncasecmp((*opts), term, strlen(term)) == 0 &&
2446 	    (*opts)[strlen(term)] == '=') {
2447 		*opts += strlen(term) + 1;
2448 		return 1;
2449 	}
2450 	return 0;
2451 }
2452 
2453 void
2454 opt_array_append2(const char *file, const int line, const char *directive,
2455     char ***array, int **iarray, u_int *lp, const char *s, int i)
2456 {
2457 
2458 	if (*lp >= INT_MAX)
2459 		fatal("%s line %d: Too many %s entries", file, line, directive);
2460 
2461 	if (iarray != NULL) {
2462 		*iarray = xrecallocarray(*iarray, *lp, *lp + 1,
2463 		    sizeof(**iarray));
2464 		(*iarray)[*lp] = i;
2465 	}
2466 
2467 	*array = xrecallocarray(*array, *lp, *lp + 1, sizeof(**array));
2468 	(*array)[*lp] = xstrdup(s);
2469 	(*lp)++;
2470 }
2471 
2472 void
2473 opt_array_append(const char *file, const int line, const char *directive,
2474     char ***array, u_int *lp, const char *s)
2475 {
2476 	opt_array_append2(file, line, directive, array, NULL, lp, s, 0);
2477 }
2478 
2479 sshsig_t
2480 ssh_signal(int signum, sshsig_t handler)
2481 {
2482 	struct sigaction sa, osa;
2483 
2484 	/* mask all other signals while in handler */
2485 	memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
2486 	sa.sa_handler = handler;
2487 	sigfillset(&sa.sa_mask);
2488 	if (signum != SIGALRM)
2489 		sa.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
2490 	if (sigaction(signum, &sa, &osa) == -1) {
2491 		debug3("sigaction(%s): %s", strsignal(signum), strerror(errno));
2492 		return SIG_ERR;
2493 	}
2494 	return osa.sa_handler;
2495 }
2496 
2497 int
2498 stdfd_devnull(int do_stdin, int do_stdout, int do_stderr)
2499 {
2500 	int devnull, ret = 0;
2501 
2502 	if ((devnull = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
2503 		error_f("open %s: %s", _PATH_DEVNULL,
2504 		    strerror(errno));
2505 		return -1;
2506 	}
2507 	if ((do_stdin && dup2(devnull, STDIN_FILENO) == -1) ||
2508 	    (do_stdout && dup2(devnull, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1) ||
2509 	    (do_stderr && dup2(devnull, STDERR_FILENO) == -1)) {
2510 		error_f("dup2: %s", strerror(errno));
2511 		ret = -1;
2512 	}
2513 	if (devnull > STDERR_FILENO)
2514 		close(devnull);
2515 	return ret;
2516 }
2517 
2518 /*
2519  * Runs command in a subprocess with a minimal environment.
2520  * Returns pid on success, 0 on failure.
2521  * The child stdout and stderr maybe captured, left attached or sent to
2522  * /dev/null depending on the contents of flags.
2523  * "tag" is prepended to log messages.
2524  * NB. "command" is only used for logging; the actual command executed is
2525  * av[0].
2526  */
2527 pid_t
2528 subprocess(const char *tag, const char *command,
2529     int ac, char **av, FILE **child, u_int flags,
2530     struct passwd *pw, privdrop_fn *drop_privs, privrestore_fn *restore_privs)
2531 {
2532 	FILE *f = NULL;
2533 	struct stat st;
2534 	int fd, devnull, p[2], i;
2535 	pid_t pid;
2536 	char *cp, errmsg[512];
2537 	u_int nenv = 0;
2538 	char **env = NULL;
2539 
2540 	/* If dropping privs, then must specify user and restore function */
2541 	if (drop_privs != NULL && (pw == NULL || restore_privs == NULL)) {
2542 		error("%s: inconsistent arguments", tag); /* XXX fatal? */
2543 		return 0;
2544 	}
2545 	if (pw == NULL && (pw = getpwuid(getuid())) == NULL) {
2546 		error("%s: no user for current uid", tag);
2547 		return 0;
2548 	}
2549 	if (child != NULL)
2550 		*child = NULL;
2551 
2552 	debug3_f("%s command \"%s\" running as %s (flags 0x%x)",
2553 	    tag, command, pw->pw_name, flags);
2554 
2555 	/* Check consistency */
2556 	if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0 &&
2557 	    (flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) != 0) {
2558 		error_f("inconsistent flags");
2559 		return 0;
2560 	}
2561 	if (((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) == 0) != (child == NULL)) {
2562 		error_f("inconsistent flags/output");
2563 		return 0;
2564 	}
2565 
2566 	/*
2567 	 * If executing an explicit binary, then verify the it exists
2568 	 * and appears safe-ish to execute
2569 	 */
2570 	if (!path_absolute(av[0])) {
2571 		error("%s path is not absolute", tag);
2572 		return 0;
2573 	}
2574 	if (drop_privs != NULL)
2575 		drop_privs(pw);
2576 	if (stat(av[0], &st) == -1) {
2577 		error("Could not stat %s \"%s\": %s", tag,
2578 		    av[0], strerror(errno));
2579 		goto restore_return;
2580 	}
2581 	if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_UNSAFE_PATH) == 0 &&
2582 	    safe_path(av[0], &st, NULL, 0, errmsg, sizeof(errmsg)) != 0) {
2583 		error("Unsafe %s \"%s\": %s", tag, av[0], errmsg);
2584 		goto restore_return;
2585 	}
2586 	/* Prepare to keep the child's stdout if requested */
2587 	if (pipe(p) == -1) {
2588 		error("%s: pipe: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2589  restore_return:
2590 		if (restore_privs != NULL)
2591 			restore_privs();
2592 		return 0;
2593 	}
2594 	if (restore_privs != NULL)
2595 		restore_privs();
2596 
2597 	switch ((pid = fork())) {
2598 	case -1: /* error */
2599 		error("%s: fork: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2600 		close(p[0]);
2601 		close(p[1]);
2602 		return 0;
2603 	case 0: /* child */
2604 		/* Prepare a minimal environment for the child. */
2605 		if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_PRESERVE_ENV) == 0) {
2606 			nenv = 5;
2607 			env = xcalloc(sizeof(*env), nenv);
2608 			child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "PATH", _PATH_STDPATH);
2609 			child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "USER", pw->pw_name);
2610 			child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "LOGNAME", pw->pw_name);
2611 			child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "HOME", pw->pw_dir);
2612 			if ((cp = getenv("LANG")) != NULL)
2613 				child_set_env(&env, &nenv, "LANG", cp);
2614 		}
2615 
2616 		for (i = 1; i < NSIG; i++)
2617 			ssh_signal(i, SIG_DFL);
2618 
2619 		if ((devnull = open(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR)) == -1) {
2620 			error("%s: open %s: %s", tag, _PATH_DEVNULL,
2621 			    strerror(errno));
2622 			_exit(1);
2623 		}
2624 		if (dup2(devnull, STDIN_FILENO) == -1) {
2625 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2626 			_exit(1);
2627 		}
2628 
2629 		/* Set up stdout as requested; leave stderr in place for now. */
2630 		fd = -1;
2631 		if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) != 0)
2632 			fd = p[1];
2633 		else if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0)
2634 			fd = devnull;
2635 		if (fd != -1 && dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO) == -1) {
2636 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2637 			_exit(1);
2638 		}
2639 		closefrom(STDERR_FILENO + 1);
2640 
2641 		if (geteuid() == 0 &&
2642 		    initgroups(pw->pw_name, pw->pw_gid) == -1) {
2643 			error("%s: initgroups(%s, %u): %s", tag,
2644 			    pw->pw_name, (u_int)pw->pw_gid, strerror(errno));
2645 			_exit(1);
2646 		}
2647 		if (setresgid(pw->pw_gid, pw->pw_gid, pw->pw_gid) == -1) {
2648 			error("%s: setresgid %u: %s", tag, (u_int)pw->pw_gid,
2649 			    strerror(errno));
2650 			_exit(1);
2651 		}
2652 		if (setresuid(pw->pw_uid, pw->pw_uid, pw->pw_uid) == -1) {
2653 			error("%s: setresuid %u: %s", tag, (u_int)pw->pw_uid,
2654 			    strerror(errno));
2655 			_exit(1);
2656 		}
2657 		/* stdin is pointed to /dev/null at this point */
2658 		if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_DISCARD) != 0 &&
2659 		    dup2(STDIN_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO) == -1) {
2660 			error("%s: dup2: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2661 			_exit(1);
2662 		}
2663 		if (env != NULL)
2664 			execve(av[0], av, env);
2665 		else
2666 			execv(av[0], av);
2667 		error("%s %s \"%s\": %s", tag, env == NULL ? "execv" : "execve",
2668 		    command, strerror(errno));
2669 		_exit(127);
2670 	default: /* parent */
2671 		break;
2672 	}
2673 
2674 	close(p[1]);
2675 	if ((flags & SSH_SUBPROCESS_STDOUT_CAPTURE) == 0)
2676 		close(p[0]);
2677 	else if ((f = fdopen(p[0], "r")) == NULL) {
2678 		error("%s: fdopen: %s", tag, strerror(errno));
2679 		close(p[0]);
2680 		/* Don't leave zombie child */
2681 		kill(pid, SIGTERM);
2682 		while (waitpid(pid, NULL, 0) == -1 && errno == EINTR)
2683 			;
2684 		return 0;
2685 	}
2686 	/* Success */
2687 	debug3_f("%s pid %ld", tag, (long)pid);
2688 	if (child != NULL)
2689 		*child = f;
2690 	return pid;
2691 }
2692 
2693 const char *
2694 lookup_env_in_list(const char *env, char * const *envs, size_t nenvs)
2695 {
2696 	size_t i, envlen;
2697 
2698 	envlen = strlen(env);
2699 	for (i = 0; i < nenvs; i++) {
2700 		if (strncmp(envs[i], env, envlen) == 0 &&
2701 		    envs[i][envlen] == '=') {
2702 			return envs[i] + envlen + 1;
2703 		}
2704 	}
2705 	return NULL;
2706 }
2707 
2708 const char *
2709 lookup_setenv_in_list(const char *env, char * const *envs, size_t nenvs)
2710 {
2711 	char *name, *cp;
2712 	const char *ret;
2713 
2714 	name = xstrdup(env);
2715 	if ((cp = strchr(name, '=')) == NULL) {
2716 		free(name);
2717 		return NULL; /* not env=val */
2718 	}
2719 	*cp = '\0';
2720 	ret = lookup_env_in_list(name, envs, nenvs);
2721 	free(name);
2722 	return ret;
2723 }
2724 
2725 /*
2726  * Helpers for managing poll(2)/ppoll(2) timeouts
2727  * Will remember the earliest deadline and return it for use in poll/ppoll.
2728  */
2729 
2730 /* Initialise a poll/ppoll timeout with an indefinite deadline */
2731 void
2732 ptimeout_init(struct timespec *pt)
2733 {
2734 	/*
2735 	 * Deliberately invalid for ppoll(2).
2736 	 * Will be converted to NULL in ptimeout_get_tspec() later.
2737 	 */
2738 	pt->tv_sec = -1;
2739 	pt->tv_nsec = 0;
2740 }
2741 
2742 /* Specify a poll/ppoll deadline of at most 'sec' seconds */
2743 void
2744 ptimeout_deadline_sec(struct timespec *pt, long sec)
2745 {
2746 	if (pt->tv_sec == -1 || pt->tv_sec >= sec) {
2747 		pt->tv_sec = sec;
2748 		pt->tv_nsec = 0;
2749 	}
2750 }
2751 
2752 /* Specify a poll/ppoll deadline of at most 'p' (timespec) */
2753 static void
2754 ptimeout_deadline_tsp(struct timespec *pt, struct timespec *p)
2755 {
2756 	if (pt->tv_sec == -1 || timespeccmp(pt, p, >=))
2757 		*pt = *p;
2758 }
2759 
2760 /* Specify a poll/ppoll deadline of at most 'ms' milliseconds */
2761 void
2762 ptimeout_deadline_ms(struct timespec *pt, long ms)
2763 {
2764 	struct timespec p;
2765 
2766 	p.tv_sec = ms / 1000;
2767 	p.tv_nsec = (ms % 1000) * 1000000;
2768 	ptimeout_deadline_tsp(pt, &p);
2769 }
2770 
2771 /* Specify a poll/ppoll deadline at wall clock monotime 'when' */
2772 void
2773 ptimeout_deadline_monotime(struct timespec *pt, time_t when)
2774 {
2775 	struct timespec now, t;
2776 
2777 	t.tv_sec = when;
2778 	t.tv_nsec = 0;
2779 	monotime_ts(&now);
2780 
2781 	if (timespeccmp(&now, &t, >=))
2782 		ptimeout_deadline_sec(pt, 0);
2783 	else {
2784 		timespecsub(&t, &now, &t);
2785 		ptimeout_deadline_tsp(pt, &t);
2786 	}
2787 }
2788 
2789 /* Get a poll(2) timeout value in milliseconds */
2790 int
2791 ptimeout_get_ms(struct timespec *pt)
2792 {
2793 	if (pt->tv_sec == -1)
2794 		return -1;
2795 	if (pt->tv_sec >= (INT_MAX - (pt->tv_nsec / 1000000)) / 1000)
2796 		return INT_MAX;
2797 	return (pt->tv_sec * 1000) + (pt->tv_nsec / 1000000);
2798 }
2799 
2800 /* Get a ppoll(2) timeout value as a timespec pointer */
2801 struct timespec *
2802 ptimeout_get_tsp(struct timespec *pt)
2803 {
2804 	return pt->tv_sec == -1 ? NULL : pt;
2805 }
2806 
2807 /* Returns non-zero if a timeout has been set (i.e. is not indefinite) */
2808 int
2809 ptimeout_isset(struct timespec *pt)
2810 {
2811 	return pt->tv_sec != -1;
2812 }
2813