/*
 * Copyright (c) 1985 Regents of the University of California.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
 * provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 * duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
 * advertising materials, and other materials related to such
 * distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
 * by the University of California, Berkeley.  The name of the
 * University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
 * from this software without specific prior written permission.
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 * All recipients should regard themselves as participants in an ongoing
 * research project and hence should feel obligated to report their
 * experiences (good or bad) with these elementary function codes, using
 * the sendbug(8) program, to the authors.
 */

#ifndef lint
static char sccsid[] = "@(#)expm1.c	5.3 (Berkeley) 06/30/88";
#endif /* not lint */

/* EXPM1(X)
 * RETURN THE EXPONENTIAL OF X MINUS ONE
 * DOUBLE PRECISION (IEEE 53 BITS, VAX D FORMAT 56 BITS)
 * CODED IN C BY K.C. NG, 1/19/85; 
 * REVISED BY K.C. NG on 2/6/85, 3/7/85, 3/21/85, 4/16/85.
 *
 * Required system supported functions:
 *	scalb(x,n)	
 *	copysign(x,y)	
 *	finite(x)
 *
 * Kernel function:
 *	exp__E(x,c)
 *
 * Method:
 *	1. Argument Reduction: given the input x, find r and integer k such 
 *	   that
 *	                   x = k*ln2 + r,  |r| <= 0.5*ln2 .  
 *	   r will be represented as r := z+c for better accuracy.
 *
 *	2. Compute EXPM1(r)=exp(r)-1 by 
 *
 *			EXPM1(r=z+c) := z + exp__E(z,c)
 *
 *	3. EXPM1(x) =  2^k * ( EXPM1(r) + 1-2^-k ).
 *
 * 	Remarks: 
 *	   1. When k=1 and z < -0.25, we use the following formula for
 *	      better accuracy:
 *			EXPM1(x) = 2 * ( (z+0.5) + exp__E(z,c) )
 *	   2. To avoid rounding error in 1-2^-k where k is large, we use
 *			EXPM1(x) = 2^k * { [z+(exp__E(z,c)-2^-k )] + 1 }
 *	      when k>56. 
 *
 * Special cases:
 *	EXPM1(INF) is INF, EXPM1(NaN) is NaN;
 *	EXPM1(-INF)= -1;
 *	for finite argument, only EXPM1(0)=0 is exact.
 *
 * Accuracy:
 *	EXPM1(x) returns the exact (exp(x)-1) nearly rounded. In a test run with
 *	1,166,000 random arguments on a VAX, the maximum observed error was
 *	.872 ulps (units of the last place).
 *
 * Constants:
 * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following constants.
 * The decimal values may be used, provided that the compiler will convert
 * from decimal to binary accurately enough to produce the hexadecimal values
 * shown.
 */

#if defined(vax)||defined(tahoe)	/* VAX D format */
#ifdef vax
#define _0x(A,B)	0x/**/A/**/B
#else	/* vax */
#define _0x(A,B)	0x/**/B/**/A
#endif	/* vax */
/* static double */
/* ln2hi  =  6.9314718055829871446E-1    , Hex  2^  0   *  .B17217F7D00000 */
/* ln2lo  =  1.6465949582897081279E-12   , Hex  2^-39   *  .E7BCD5E4F1D9CC */
/* lnhuge =  9.4961163736712506989E1     , Hex  2^  7   *  .BDEC1DA73E9010 */
/* invln2 =  1.4426950408889634148E0     ; Hex  2^  1   *  .B8AA3B295C17F1 */
static long     ln2hix[] = { _0x(7217,4031), _0x(0000,f7d0)};
static long     ln2lox[] = { _0x(bcd5,2ce7), _0x(d9cc,e4f1)};
static long    lnhugex[] = { _0x(ec1d,43bd), _0x(9010,a73e)};
static long    invln2x[] = { _0x(aa3b,40b8), _0x(17f1,295c)};
#define    ln2hi    (*(double*)ln2hix)
#define    ln2lo    (*(double*)ln2lox)
#define   lnhuge    (*(double*)lnhugex)
#define   invln2    (*(double*)invln2x)
#else	/* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe)	*/
static double
ln2hi  =  6.9314718036912381649E-1    , /*Hex  2^ -1   *  1.62E42FEE00000 */
ln2lo  =  1.9082149292705877000E-10   , /*Hex  2^-33   *  1.A39EF35793C76 */
lnhuge =  7.1602103751842355450E2     , /*Hex  2^  9   *  1.6602B15B7ECF2 */
invln2 =  1.4426950408889633870E0     ; /*Hex  2^  0   *  1.71547652B82FE */
#endif	/* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe)	*/

double expm1(x)
double x;
{
	static double one=1.0, half=1.0/2.0; 
	double scalb(), copysign(), exp__E(), z,hi,lo,c;
	int k,finite();
#if defined(vax)||defined(tahoe)
	static prec=56;
#else	/* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
	static prec=53;
#endif	/* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
#if !defined(vax)&&!defined(tahoe)
	if(x!=x) return(x);	/* x is NaN */
#endif	/* !defined(vax)&&!defined(tahoe) */

	if( x <= lnhuge ) {
		if( x >= -40.0 ) {

		    /* argument reduction : x - k*ln2 */
			k= invln2 *x+copysign(0.5,x);	/* k=NINT(x/ln2) */
			hi=x-k*ln2hi ; 
			z=hi-(lo=k*ln2lo);
			c=(hi-z)-lo;

			if(k==0) return(z+exp__E(z,c));
			if(k==1)
			    if(z< -0.25) 
				{x=z+half;x +=exp__E(z,c); return(x+x);}
			    else
				{z+=exp__E(z,c); x=half+z; return(x+x);}
		    /* end of k=1 */

			else {
			    if(k<=prec)
			      { x=one-scalb(one,-k); z += exp__E(z,c);}
			    else if(k<100)
			      { x = exp__E(z,c)-scalb(one,-k); x+=z; z=one;}
			    else 
			      { x = exp__E(z,c)+z; z=one;}

			    return (scalb(x+z,k));  
			}
		}
		/* end of x > lnunfl */

		else 
		     /* expm1(-big#) rounded to -1 (inexact) */
		     if(finite(x))  
			 { ln2hi+ln2lo; return(-one);}

		     /* expm1(-INF) is -1 */
		     else return(-one);
	}
	/* end of x < lnhuge */

	else 
	/*  expm1(INF) is INF, expm1(+big#) overflows to INF */
	    return( finite(x) ?  scalb(one,5000) : x);
}