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28 .sh "File system
32 The file system abstraction provides access to a hierarchical
33 file system structure.
34 The file system contains directories (each of which may contain
38 Each file is organized as a linear array of bytes.  No record
40 a file.
43 it were an ordinary file to determine the names of the contained files,
45 The file system stores only a small amount of ownership, protection and usage
46 information with a file.
50 The file system calls take \fIpath name\fP arguments.
51 These consist of a zero or more component \fIfile names\fP
52 separated by ``/\^'' characters, where each file name
56 root directory of the file system and one for the
68 The file name ``..'' in each directory refers to
70 The parent directory of the root of the file system is always that directory.
85 The file system allows directories, files, special devices,
86 and ``portals'' to be created and removed from the file system.
103 File creation
111 file to be created.  The \fIoflag\fP parameter must
112 include O_CREAT from below to cause the file to be created.
114 defined in \fI<sys/file.h>\fP:
122 #define	O_CREAT	01000	/* open with file create */
124 #define	O_EXCL	04000	/* error on create if file exists */
129 on the open file.  The operations will be checked against the user's
130 access rights to the file before allowing the \fIopen\fP to succeed.
132 file.
133 The flag O_CREAT causes the file to be created if it does not
136 The protection for the new file is specified in \fImode\fP.
137 The file mode is used as a three digit octal number.
141 group as the file, and the 07 bits describe the access rights
144 If the open specifies to create the file with O_EXCL
145 and the file already exists, then the \fIopen\fP will fail
146 without affecting the file in any way.  This provides a
148 If the file exists but is a symbolic link, the open will fail
149 regardless of the existence of the file specified by the link.
153 The file system allows entries which reference peripheral devices.
187 places a \fIname\fP in the file system name space that causes connection to a
207 File, device, and portal removal
209 A reference to a file, special device or portal may be removed with the
216 the file is located for this call to be successful.
218 Reading and modifying file attributes
220 Detailed information about the attributes of a file
231 The \fIstat\fP structure includes the file
234 If the file is a symbolic link, then the status of the link
235 itself (rather than the file the link references)
244 in which it was created.  The ownership of a file may
254 In addition to ownership, each file has three levels of access
259 The protection bits associated with a file may be set by either
269 of the file, as listed in section 2.2.3.2.
271 Finally, the access and modify times on a file may be set by the call:
277 preserve relationships between the times the file was modified.
281 Links allow multiple names for a file
282 to exist.  Links exist independently of the file linked to.
286 allows a file to have multiple names within the same file
292 file will always be accessible, even after its original
294 Symbolic links can span file systems boundaries.
308 If a file is a symbolic link, the ``value'' of the
317 Atomic renaming of file system resident objects is possible
324 in the same file system.
330 simply by writing or appending to them.  While a file is
331 open the system maintains a pointer into the file
332 indicating the current location in the file associated with
334 file in a random access fashion.
335 To set the current offset into a file, the \fIlseek\fP
341 where \fItype\fP is given in \fI<sys/file.h>\fP as one of:
344 #define	L_SET	0	/* set absolute file offset */
345 #define	L_INCR	1	/* set file offset relative to current position */
346 #define	L_XTND	2	/* set offset relative to end-of-file */
349 returns the current offset into the file.
352 linear extent of the file where data has never been
354 a location in a file past the current end-of-file and writing.
357 A file may be truncated with either of the calls:
365 reducing the size of the specified file to \fIlength\fP bytes.
371 may interrogate the accessibility of a file to the
379 in \fI<sys/file.h>\fP:
382 #define	F_OK	0	/* file exists */
383 #define	X_OK	1	/* file is executable */
384 #define	W_OK	2	/* file is writable */
385 #define	R_OK	4	/* file is readable */
392 The file system provides basic facilities that allow cooperating processes
394 place an advisory \fIread\fP or \fIwrite\fP lock on a file,
397 provides locking with file granularity.  More granular
409 where the \fIhow\fP parameter is formed from bits defined in \fI<sys/file.h>\fP:
429 As an optional facility, each file system may be requested to
432 a user may allocate in a file system and the total number of files
433 a user may create in a file system.  Quotas are expressed as
441 To enable disk quotas on a file system the \fIsetquota\fP call
444 setquota(special, file)
445 char *special, *file;
447 where \fIspecial\fP refers to a structured device file where
448 a mounted file system exists, and
449 \fIfile\fP refers to a disk quota file (residing on the file
451 should be obtained.  The format of the disk quota file is 
463 The file \fI<sys/quota.h>\fP contains definitions pertinent to the