Lines Matching +full:programmable +full:- +full:security
31 .\" - Tags in lists are bold, except in the FILES section where they are
34 .\" - References are bold for section headings and environment and shell
38 .\" - Be careful with the .B and .I macros: they handle only a limited number
42 .\" - Indent in multiples of 4, usually 8.
44 .\" - Use `', not '' or "", except of course in shell syntax examples.
47 .\" - Use \` for literal back-quote (`).
49 .\" - Use \e for literal backslash (\).
51 .\" - Use \-, not -.
53 .\" - Include the tilde when naming dot files. `~/.login', not `.login'.
55 .\" - Refer to external commands in man page format, e.g., `csh(1)'. However,
59 .\" - Say `the shell', not `tcsh', unless distinguishing between tcsh and csh.
61 .\" - Say `shell variable'/`environment variable' instead of `variable'
65 .\" - Use the simple present tense. `The shell uses', not `The shell will use'.
67 .\" - IMPORTANT: Cross-reference as much as possible. Commands, variables,
69 .\" descriptive section, or at least in the reference-section description
71 .\" section. Remember to note OS-specific things in "OS variant support",
75 .\" - tcsh.man2html depends heavily on the specific nroff commands used in the
82 tcsh \- C shell with file name completion and command line editing
84 .B tcsh \fR[\fB\-bcdefFimnqstvVxX\fR] [\fB\-Dname\fR[\fB=value\fR]] [arg ...]
86 .B tcsh \-l
92 It includes a command-line editor (see \fBThe command-line editor\fR),
93 programmable word completion (see \fBCompletion and listing\fR),
97 and a C-like syntax.
106 If the first argument (argument 0) to the shell is `\-' then it is a
108 the \fB\-l\fR flag as the only argument.
112 .B \-b
114 further shell arguments to be treated as non-option arguments. The remaining
117 will not run a set-user ID script without this option.
119 .B \-c
125 .B \-d
129 .B \-D\fIname\fR[=\fIvalue\fR]
132 .B \-e
134 yields a non-zero exit status.
136 .B \-f
140 .B \-F
143 .B \-i
144 The shell is interactive and prompts for its top-level input, even if
148 .B \-l
149 The shell is a login shell. Applicable only if \fB\-l\fR is the only
152 .B \-m
154 user. Newer versions of \fIsu\fR(1) can pass \fB\-m\fR to the shell. (+)
156 .B \-n
160 .B \-q
164 .B \-s
167 .B \-t
171 .B \-v
175 .B \-x
179 .B \-V
182 .B \-X
183 Is to \fB\-x\fR as \fB\-V\fR is to \fB\-v\fR.
185 .B \-\-help
188 .B \-\-version
193 \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-s\fR, or \fB\-t\fR options were given, the first
217 Non-login shells read only \fI/etc/csh.cshrc\fR and \fI~/.tcshrc\fR
227 \fBtcsh\fR shell variable (q.v.) before using \fItcsh\fR-specific commands,
251 We first describe \fBThe command-line editor\fR.
257 .SS "The command-line editor (+)"
258 Command-line input can be edited using key sequences much like those used in
263 \fIemacs\fR(1)\-style key bindings are used by default
265 but \fIbindkey\fR can change the key bindings to \fIvi\fR(1)\-style bindings en masse.
274 \fIdown-history\fR
277 \fIup-history\fR
280 \fIbackward-char\fR
283 \fIforward-char\fR
287 unless doing so would alter another single-character binding.
300 shell. The editor delimits words with any non-alphanumeric characters not in
307 run the \fIcomplete-word\fR editor command.
341 to run the \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR editor command.
342 The shell lists the possible completions using the \fIls\-F\fR builtin (q.v.)
391 \fIexpand-variables\fR editor command.
393 \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR lists at only the end of the line;
396 `M-^D', bound to the editor command \fIlist-choices\fR, lists completion
397 possibilities anywhere on a line, and \fIlist-choices\fR (or any one of the
399 listed under \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR) can be bound to `^D' with
402 The \fIcomplete-word-fwd\fR and \fIcomplete-word-back\fR editor commands
436 (`.', `\-' and `_') to be word separators and hyphens and underscores to
443 and typed `mail \-f c.l.c[tab]', it would be completed to
444 `mail \-f comp.lang.c', and ^D would list `comp.lang.c' and `comp.lang.c++'.
445 `mail \-f c..c++[^D]' would list `comp.lang.c++' and `comp.std.c++'. Typing
446 `rm a\-\-file[^D]' in the following directory
448 A_silly_file a-hyphenated-file another_silly_file
459 Typing `rm a\-\-file[^D]' in the directory of the previous example would
460 still list all three files, but typing `rm A\-\-file' would match only
486 \fBautoexpand\fR can be set to run the \fIexpand-history\fR editor command
488 spelling-correct the word to be completed (see \fBSpelling correction\fR)
503 Completion and listing do not work on glob-patterns (see \fBFilename substitution\fR),
504 but the \fIlist-glob\fR and \fIexpand-glob\fR editor commands perform
505 equivalent functions for glob-patterns.
510 Individual words can be spelling-corrected with the \fIspell-word\fR
511 editor command (usually bound to M-s and M-S)
512 and the entire input buffer with \fIspell-line\fR (usually bound to M-$).
533 Spelling correction recognizes user-defined completions (see the
545 `bindkey' lists key bindings and `bindkey \-l' lists and briefly describes
553 `M-\fIcharacter\fR' a meta character, typed as escape-\fIcharacter\fR
555 to letters by default are bound to both lower- and uppercase letters for
558 .B backward-char \fR(^B, left)
562 .B backward-delete-word \fR(M-^H, M-^?)
563 Cut from beginning of current word to cursor \- saved in cut buffer.
566 .B backward-word \fR(M-b, M-B)
570 .B beginning-of-line \fR(^A, home)
574 .B capitalize-word \fR(M-c, M-C)
578 .B complete-word \fR(tab)
581 .B complete-word-back \fR(not bound)
582 Like \fIcomplete-word-fwd\fR, but steps up from the end of the list.
584 .B complete-word-fwd \fR(not bound)
589 .B complete-word-raw \fR(^X-tab)
590 Like \fIcomplete-word\fR, but ignores user-defined completions.
592 .B copy-prev-word \fR(M-^_)
594 See also \fIinsert-last-word\fR.
597 .B dabbrev-expand \fR(M-/)
601 Repeating \fIdabbrev-expand\fR without any intervening typing
603 much like \fIhistory-search-backward\fR does.
605 .B delete-char \fR(not bound)
607 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
610 .B delete-char-or-eof \fR(not bound)
611 Does \fIdelete-char\fR if there is a character under the cursor
612 or \fIend-of-file\fR on an empty line.
613 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
616 .B delete-char-or-list \fR(not bound)
617 Does \fIdelete-char\fR if there is a character under the cursor
618 or \fIlist-choices\fR at the end of the line.
619 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
621 .B delete-char-or-list-or-eof \fR(^D)
622 Does \fIdelete-char\fR if there is a character under the cursor,
623 \fIlist-choices\fR at the end of the line
624 or \fIend-of-file\fR on an empty line.
626 \fIdelete-char-or-eof\fR, \fIdelete-char-or-list\fR and \fIlist-or-eof\fR,
629 .B delete-word \fR(M-d, M-D)
630 Cut from cursor to end of current word \- save in cut buffer.
633 .B down-history \fR(down-arrow, ^N)
634 Like \fIup-history\fR, but steps down, stopping at the original input line.
636 .B downcase-word \fR(M-l, M-L)
640 .B end-of-file \fR(not bound)
643 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
645 .B end-of-line \fR(^E, end)
649 .B expand-history \fR(M-space)
652 See also \fImagic-space\fR, \fItoggle-literal-history\fR and
655 .B expand-glob \fR(^X-*)
656 Expands the glob-pattern to the left of the cursor.
659 .B expand-line \fR(not bound)
660 Like \fIexpand-history\fR, but
663 .B expand-variables \fR(^X-$)
667 .B forward-char \fR(^F, right)
671 .B forward-word \fR(M-f, M-F)
675 .B history-search-backward \fR(M-p, M-P)
679 The search string may be a glob-pattern (see \fBFilename substitution\fR)
681 \fIup-history\fR and \fIdown-history\fR will proceed from the
684 See also \fIhistory-search-forward\fR and \fIi-search-back\fR.
686 .B history-search-forward \fR(M-n, M-N)
687 Like \fIhistory-search-backward\fR, but searches forward.
689 .B i-search-back \fR(not bound)
690 Searches backward like \fIhistory-search-backward\fR, copies the first match
693 typed to extend the search, \fIi-search-back\fR may be typed to continue
695 necessary, (\fIi-search-back\fR must be bound to a
706 delete (or any character bound to \fIbackward-delete-char\fR)
719 Any other character not bound to \fIself-insert-command\fR terminates the
723 See also \fIi-search-fwd\fR and \fIhistory-search-backward\fR.
727 .B i-search-fwd \fR(not bound)
728 Like \fIi-search-back\fR, but searches forward.
731 .B insert-last-word \fR(M-_)
733 See also \fIcopy-prev-word\fR.
735 .B list-choices \fR(M-^D)
737 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR and \fIlist-choices-raw\fR.
739 .B list-choices-raw \fR(^X-^D)
740 Like \fIlist-choices\fR, but ignores user-defined completions.
742 .B list-glob \fR(^X-g, ^X-G)
743 Lists (via the \fIls\-F\fR builtin) matches to the glob-pattern
746 .B list-or-eof \fR(not bound)
747 Does \fIlist-choices\fR
748 or \fIend-of-file\fR on an empty line.
749 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
751 .B magic-space \fR(not bound)
753 like \fIexpand-history\fR, and inserts a space.
754 \fImagic-space\fR is designed to be bound to the space bar,
757 .B normalize-command \fR(^X-?)
761 useful with commands that take commands as arguments, e.g., `dbx' and `sh \-x'.
763 .B normalize-path \fR(^X-n, ^X-N)
767 .B overwrite-mode \fR(unbound)
770 .B run-fg-editor \fR(M-^Z)
784 .B run-help \fR(M-h, M-H)
787 to use a pager; \fIrun-help\fR is designed for short help files.
795 .B self-insert-command \fR(text characters)
801 See also \fIoverwrite-mode\fR.
803 .B sequence-lead-in \fR(arrow prefix, meta prefix, ^X)
805 multi-key sequence. Binding a command to a multi-key sequence really creates
806 two bindings: the first character to \fIsequence-lead-in\fR and the
808 bound to \fIsequence-lead-in\fR are effectively bound to \fIundefined-key\fR
811 .B spell-line \fR(M-$)
813 \fIspell-word\fR, but ignores words whose first character is one of
814 `\-', `!', `^' or `%', or which contain `\e', `*' or `?', to avoid problems
818 .B spell-word \fR(M-s, M-S)
823 .B toggle-literal-history \fR(M-r, M-R)
825 See also \fIexpand-history\fR and the \fBautoexpand\fR shell variable.
827 .B undefined-key \fR(any unbound key)
830 .B up-history \fR(up-arrow, ^P)
835 .B upcase-word \fR(M-u, M-U)
839 .B vi-beginning-of-next-word \fR(not bound)
843 .B vi-eword \fR(not bound)
847 .B vi-search-back \fR(?)
848 Prompts with `?' for a search string (which may be a glob-pattern, as with
849 \fIhistory-search-backward\fR), searches for it and copies it into the
856 .B vi-search-fwd \fR(/)
857 Like \fIvi-search-back\fR, but searches forward.
859 .B which-command \fR(M-?)
863 .B yank-pop \fR(M-y)
864 When executed immediately after a \fIyank\fR or another \fIyank-pop\fR,
868 \fIyank\fR command. Repeating \fIyank-pop\fR will cycle through the
902 below) can a double-quoted string yield parts of more than one word;
903 single-quoted strings never do. Backward quotes are special: they signal
971 \-\fIn\fR
980 The previous event (equivalent to `\-1')
993 \ 9 8:30 nroff \-man wumpus.man
1003 `!11' and `!\-2' refer to event 11.
1047 .I x\-y
1050 .I \-y
1051 Equivalent to \fI`0\-y'\fR
1054 Equivalent to `^\-$', but returns nothing if the event contains only 1 word
1057 Equivalent to \fI`x\-$'\fR
1059 .I x\-
1067 from the previous event) or `diff !\-2:2 !\-2:1' to select and swap the
1069 `diff' we might have said `diff !\-2:1\-2' or simply `diff !\-2:*'.
1072 `!n:\- hurkle.man' would reuse the first two words from the `nroff' command
1073 to say `nroff \-man hurkle.man'.
1076 omitted if the argument selector begins with a `^', `$', `*', `%' or `\-'.
1079 an argument selector beginning with `\-' will be interpreted as an event
1147 > tcsh -f -c 'echo ${#argv}' $args:gQ
1164 We might follow `mail \-s "I forgot my password" rot' with `!:s/rot/root' to
1192 > setenv PATH !{\-2$:h}:$PATH
1202 The \fIup-\fR and \fIdown-history\fR, \fIhistory-search-backward\fR and
1203 \fI-forward\fR, \fIi-search-back\fR and \fI-fwd\fR,
1204 \fIvi-search-back\fR and \fI-fwd\fR, \fIcopy-prev-word\fR
1205 and \fIinsert-last-word\fR editor commands search for
1207 The \fItoggle-literal-history\fR editor command switches between the
1209 \fIexpand-history\fR and \fIexpand-line\fR expand history substitutions
1215 left-to-right, is checked to see if it has an alias. If so, the first word is
1221 Thus if the alias for `ls' were `ls \-l' the command `ls /usr' would become `ls
1222 \-l /usr', the argument list here being undisturbed. If the alias for `lookup'
1243 (+) Variables may be made read-only with `set \-r' (q.v.).
1244 Read-only variables may not be modified or unset;
1246 Once made read-only, a variable cannot be made writable,
1247 so `set \-r' should be used with caution.
1248 Environment variables cannot be made read-only.
1256 input to be echoed. The \fB\-v\fR command line option sets this variable.
1263 the second and subsequent words of multi-word values are ignored.
1272 end-of-line.
1309 a single number or two numbers separated by a `\-'.
1388 The editor command \fIexpand-variables\fR, normally bound to `^X-$',
1395 occurs very late, after input-output redirection is performed, and in a child
1415 ``globbing''. This word is then regarded as a pattern (``glob-pattern''), and
1429 characters separated by `\-' matches any character lexically between the two.
1431 (+) Some glob-patterns can be negated:
1435 An entire glob-pattern can also be negated with `^':
1445 Glob-patterns which do not use `?', `*', or `[]' or which use `{}' or `~'
1449 Left-to-right order is preserved: `/usr/source/s1/{oldls,ls}.c' expands
1463 name consisting of letters, digits and `\-' characters the shell searches for a
1471 It is an error for a glob-pattern containing `*', `?', `[' or `~', with or
1473 glob-patterns must match a file (so that, e.g., `rm *.a *.c *.o' would fail
1481 recursively traversing any existing sub-directories. For example,
1483 If used by itself, it will match zero or more sub-directories
1489 To prevent problems with recursion, the `**' glob-pattern will not
1494 and the \fIexpand-glob\fR editor command, normally bound to `^X-*', can be
1506 the directory stack. The special case `=\-' expands to the last directory in
1509 > dirs \-v
1525 > echo =\-
1529 The \fBnoglob\fR and \fBnonomatch\fR shell variables and the \fIexpand-glob\fR
1537 the \fInormalize-path\fR editor command does it on demand.
1538 The \fInormalize-command\fR editor command expands commands in PATH into
1540 Finally, \fIcd\fR and \fIpushd\fR interpret `\-' as the old working directory
1562 .SS "Builtin and non-builtin command execution"
1582 command. If the shell is not given a \fB\-f\fR option, the shell
1593 If the shell was given a \fB\-f\fR argument.
1678 by the input-output parameters and the presence of the command in a pipeline.
1693 standard output, but `(\fIcommand\fR > \fIoutput-file\fR) >& \fIerror-file\fR'
1694 is often an acceptable workaround. Either \fIoutput-file\fR or
1695 \fIerror-file\fR may be `/dev/tty' to send output to the terminal.
1707 \fIif-then-else\fR form of the \fIif\fR statement, require that the major
1713 allows, backward \fIgoto\fRs will succeed on non-seekable inputs.)
1725 < > << >> + \- * / % ! ~ ( )
1728 `>=' `<' and `>', `<<' and `>>', `+' and `\-', `*' `/' and `%' being, in
1732 glob-pattern (see \fBFilename substitution\fR) against which the left hand
1754 objects. They are of the form \fB\-\fIop file\fR, where \fIop\fR is one of
1769 Executable in the path or shell builtin, e.g., `\-X ls' and `\-X ls\-F' are
1770 generally true, but `\-X /bin/ls' is not (+)
1782 Non-zero size (+)
1806 Set-user-ID bit is set (+)
1809 Set-group-ID bit is set (+)
1822 Applies subsequent operators in a multiple-operator test to a symbolic link
1833 These operators may be combined for conciseness: `\-\fIxy file\fR' is
1834 equivalent to `\-\fIx file\fR && \-\fIy file\fR'. (+) For example, `\-fx' is true
1837 \fBL\fR may be used in a multiple-operator test to apply subsequent operators
1839 For example, `\-lLo' is true for links owned by the invoking user.
1841 non-links. \fBL\fR has a different meaning when it is the last operator
1842 in a multiple-operator test; see below.
1846 (e.g., \fBX\fR and \fBt\fR). Following \fBL\fR with a non-file operator
1895 Equivalent to `\-P \fIfile\fR & \fImode\fR', e.g., `\-P22 \fIfile\fR' returns
1919 Only one of these operators may appear in a multiple-operator test, and it
1921 elsewhere in a multiple-operator test. Because `0' is a valid return value
1923 return `\-1', and \fBF\fR returns `:'.
1928 For example, if one tests a file with \fB\-w\fR whose permissions would
1929 ordinarily allow writing but which is on a file system mounted read-only,
1930 the test will succeed in a POSIX shell but fail in a non-POSIX shell.
1943 had one (top-level) process, whose process id was 1234.
1951 be in long format, like `jobs \-l'.
1956 (See also the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command.)
1988 with a `\-'. The abbreviations `%+', `%', and (by analogy with the syntax of
1989 the \fIhistory\fR mechanism) `%%' all refer to the current job, and `%\-' refers
2018 The \fIsched\fR builtin command puts commands in a scheduled-event list,
2053 In either case, 7-bit ASCII is the default character code
2060 (e.g., a 'en_CA.UTF-8' would yield "UTF-8" as a character code).
2064 ISO 8859-1 character set is used
2069 characters in the range \e200\-\e377, i.e., those that have
2070 M-\fIchar\fR bindings, are automatically rebound to \fIself-insert-command\fR.
2071 The corresponding binding for the escape-\fIchar\fR sequence, if any, is
2075 which assumes full ISO 8859-1. Otherwise, all M-\fIchar\fR bindings in the
2076 range \e240\-\e377 are effectively undone.
2084 never changes the 7/8 bit mode of the tty and tracks user-initiated
2094 On systems that support TCF (aix-ibm370, aix-ps2),
2131 \fBecho_style\fR shell variables and the system-dependent locations of
2135 The shell ignores quit signals unless started with \fB\-q\fR.
2136 Login shells catch the terminate signal, but non-login shells inherit the
2158 it takes typed-ahead characters anyway.
2189 .B @ \fIname\fB++\fR|\fB--
2192 .B @ \fIname\fR[\fIindex\fR]\fB++\fR|\fB--
2208 The fourth and fifth forms increment (`++') or decrement (`\-\-') \fIname\fR
2236 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
2239 .B bindkey \fR[\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-d\fR|\fB\-e\fR|\fB\-v\fR|\fB\-u\fR] (+)
2241 \fBbindkey \fR[\fB\-a\fR] [\fB\-b\fR] [\fB\-k\fR] [\fB\-r\fR] [\fB\-\-\fR] \fIkey \fR(+)
2244 \fBbindkey \fR[\fB\-a\fR] [\fB\-b\fR] [\fB\-k\fR] [\fB\-c\fR|\fB\-s\fR] [\fB\-\-\fR] \fIkey command…
2255 .B \-l
2258 .B \-d
2260 as per \fB-e\fR and \fB-v\fR below.
2262 .B \-e
2263 Binds all keys to \fIemacs\fR(1)\-style bindings.
2266 .B \-v
2267 Binds all keys to \fIvi\fR(1)\-style bindings.
2270 .B \-a
2271 Lists or changes key-bindings in the alternative key map.
2274 .B \-b
2277 C-\fIcharacter\fR (e.g., `C-A'),
2278 a meta character written M-\fIcharacter\fR (e.g., `M-A'),
2279 a function key written F-\fIstring\fR (e.g., `F-string'),
2280 or an extended prefix key written X-\fIcharacter\fR (e.g., `X-A').
2282 .B \-k
2286 .B \-r
2288 Be careful: `bindkey \-r' does \fInot\fR bind \fIkey\fR to
2289 \fIself-insert-command\fR (q.v.), it unbinds \fIkey\fR completely.
2291 .B \-c
2295 .B \-s
2300 .B \-\-
2302 even if it begins with '\-'.
2304 .B \-u \fR(or any invalid option)
2310 \fIsequence-lead-in\fR and the entire string is bound to the command.
2313 them with the editor command \fIquoted-insert\fR, normally bound to `^V') or
2314 written caret-character style, e.g., `^A'. Delete is written `^?'
2315 (caret-question mark). \fIkey\fR and \fIcommand\fR can contain backslashed
2353 .B bs2cmd \fIbs2000-command\fR (+)
2354 Passes \fIbs2000-command\fR to the BS2000 command interpreter for
2355 execution. Only non-interactive commands can be executed, and it is
2357 of the current process, like /EXECUTE or /CALL-PROCEDURE. (BS2000 only)
2362 current line are executed. Multi-level breaks are thus
2379 .B cd \fR[\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR] [\I--\fR] [\fIname\fR]
2383 If \fIname\fR is `\-' it is interpreted as the previous working directory
2390 the \fB\-p\fR option is implied.
2393 With \fB\-p\fR, prints the final directory stack, just like \fIdirs\fR.
2394 The \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-n\fR and \fB\-v\fR flags have the same effect on \fIcd\fR
2395 as on \fIdirs\fR, and they imply \fB\-p\fR. (+)
2396 Using \fB\-\-\fR forces a break from option processing so the next word
2397 is taken as the directory \fIname\fR even if it begins with '\-'. (+)
2411 \fIcommand\fR may be a full command name or a glob-pattern
2412 (see \fBFilename substitution\fR). It can begin with `\-' to indicate that
2422 Current-word completion.
2423 \fIpattern\fR is a glob-pattern which must match the beginning of the current word on
2430 Next-word completion.
2431 \fIpattern\fR is a glob-pattern which must match the beginning of the previous word on
2438 Position-dependent completion.
2507 Like \fBn\fR, but prints \fIselect\fR when \fIlist-choices\fR is used.
2523 \fIselect\fR is an optional glob-pattern.
2528 the \fIlist-choices\fR editor command is used.
2549 \fBp\fR-type completion can also be used to narrow down command completion:
2555 > complete \-co* 'p/0/(compress)/'
2564 The leading `\-' indicates that this completion is to be used with only
2567 > complete find 'n/\-user/u/'
2569 is an example of \fBn\fR-type completion. Any word following `find' and
2570 immediately following `\-user' is completed from the list of users.
2572 > complete cc 'c/\-I/d/'
2574 demonstrates \fBc\fR-type completion. Any word following `cc' and beginning
2575 with `\-I' is completed as a directory. `\-I' is not taken as part of the
2618 > kill \-9 [^D]
2631 before the next-word completion.
2633 the next-word completion were specified first it would always match
2643 \fIselect\fR can also exclude files, using negation of a glob-pattern as
2650 mechanism using the \fIcomplete-word-raw\fR or \fIlist-choices-raw\fR
2661 to complete `elm \-f =' as if it were `elm \-f ~/Mail/'. Note that we used `@'
2679 \&'n/\-name/f/' 'n/\-newer/f/' 'n/\-{,n}cpio/f/' \e
2681 \&\'n/\-exec/c/' 'n/\-ok/c/' 'n/\-user/u/' \e
2683 \&'n/\-group/g/' 'n/\-fstype/(nfs 4.2)/' \e
2685 \&'n/\-type/(b c d f l p s)/' \e
2687 \'c/\-/(name newer cpio ncpio exec ok user \e
2697 This completes words following `\-name', `\-newer', `\-cpio' or `ncpio'
2699 words following `\-exec' or `\-ok' to commands, words following `user'
2701 and words following `\-fstype' or `\-type' to members of the
2703 (note the use of \fBc\fR-type completion)
2719 .B dirs \fR[\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR]
2721 .B dirs \-S\fR|\fB\-L \fR[\fIfilename\fR] (+)
2724 .B dirs \-c \fR(+)
2727 With \fB\-l\fR, `~' or `~\fIname\fP' in the output is expanded explicitly
2729 With \fB\-n\fR, entries are wrapped before they reach the edge of the screen. (+)
2730 With \fB\-v\fR, entries are printed one per line, preceded by their stack positions. (+)
2731 If more than one of \fB\-n\fR or \fB\-v\fR is given, \fB\-v\fR takes precedence.
2732 \fB\-p\fR is accepted but does nothing.
2736 With \fB\-S\fR, the second form saves the directory stack to \fIfilename\fR
2738 With \fB\-L\fR, the shell sources \fIfilename\fR, which is presumably
2739 a directory stack file saved by the \fB\-S\fR option or the \fBsavedirs\fR
2744 Note that login shells do the equivalent of `dirs \-L' on startup
2745 and, if \fBsavedirs\fR is set, `dirs \-S' before exiting.
2752 .B echo \fR[\fB\-n\fR] \fIword\fR ...
2758 .B echotc \fR[\fB\-sv\fR] \fIarg\fR ... (+)
2774 > @ history\-\-
2785 > echo \-n "$tosl";date; echo \-n "$frsl"
2787 With \fB\-s\fR, nonexistent capabilities return the empty string rather
2789 With \fB\-v\fR, messages are verbose.
2823 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
2825 See also the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command.
2827 .B filetest \-\fIop file\fR ... (+)
2830 space-separated list.
2857 Like \fIecho\fR, but the `-n' parameter is not recognized and words are
2862 \fIword\fR is filename and command-substituted to
2878 .B history \fR[\fB\-hTr\fR] [\fIn\fR]
2880 .B history \-S\fR|\fB\-L|\fB\-M \fR[\fIfilename\fR] (+)
2883 .B history \-c \fR(+)
2886 With \fB\-h\fR, the history list is printed without leading numbers. If
2887 \fB-T\fR is specified, timestamps are printed also in comment form.
2889 produce files suitable for loading with 'history \-L' or 'source \-h'.)
2890 With \fB\-r\fR, the order of printing is most recent
2895 With \fB\-S\fR, the second form saves the history list to \fIfilename\fR.
2907 With \fB\-L\fR, the shell appends \fIfilename\fR, which is presumably a
2908 history list saved by the \fB\-S\fR option or the \fBsavehist\fR mechanism,
2910 \fB\-M\fR is like \fB\-L\fR, but the contents of \fIfilename\fR are merged
2914 `history \-L' is exactly like 'source \-h' except that it does not require a
2917 Note that login shells do the equivalent of `history \-L' on startup
2918 and, if \fBsavehist\fR is set, `history \-S' before exiting.
2933 Without an argument, causes the non-interactive shell only to
2964 number of \fIelse-if\fR pairs are possible; only one \fIendif\fR is
2971 .B inlib \fIshared-library\fR ... (+)
2972 Adds each \fIshared-library\fR to the current environment. There is no way
2975 .B jobs \fR[\fB\-l\fR]
2976 Lists the active jobs. With \fB\-l\fR, lists process
2982 .B kill \fR[\fB\-s \fIsignal\fR] \fB%\fIjob\fR|\fIpid\fR ...
2985 .B kill \-l
2988 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
2999 .B limit \fR[\fB\-h\fR] [\fIresource\fR [\fImaximum-use\fR]]
3001 process it creates to not individually exceed \fImaximum-use\fR on
3002 the specified \fIresource\fR. If no \fImaximum-use\fR is given, then
3004 all limitations are given. If the \fB\-h\fR flag is given, the
3007 limits. Only the super-user may raise the hard limits, but
3014 the maximum number of cpu-seconds to be used by each process
3024 the maximum size of the automatically-extended stack region
3049 the maximum number of pseudo-terminals for this user
3089 the maximum nice priority the user is allowed to raise mapped from [19...-20]
3097 \fImaximum-use\fR may be given as a (floating point or
3105 If \fImaximum-use\fR is `unlimited',
3126 .B ls\-F \fR[\-\fIswitch\fR ...] [\fIfile\fR ...] (+)
3127 Lists files like `ls \-F', but much faster. It identifies each type of
3167 Symbolic link to a non-directory
3176 \fBlistlinks\fR also slows down \fIls\-F\fR and causes partitions holding
3180 combination thereof (e.g., `xA'), they are used as flags to \fIls\-F\fR,
3181 making it act like `ls \-xF', `ls \-Fa', `ls \-FA' or a combination
3182 (e.g., `ls \-FxA').
3183 On machines where `ls \-C' is not the default, \fIls\-F\fR acts like `ls \-CF',
3184 unless \fBlistflags\fR contains an `x', in which case it acts like `ls \-xF'.
3185 \fIls\-F\fR passes its arguments to \fIls\fR(1) if it is given any switches,
3186 so `alias ls ls\-F' generally does the right thing.
3188 The \fBls\-F\fR builtin can list files using different colors depending on the
3193 .B migrate \fR[\fB\-\fIsite\fR] \fIpid\fR|\fB%\fIjobid\fR ... (+)
3196 .B migrate \-\fIsite\fR (+)
3199 The second form is equivalent to `migrate \-\fIsite\fR $$': it migrates the
3205 .B newgrp \fR[\fB\-\fR] \fI[group]\fR (+)
3215 the process gets. The super-user may specify negative
3216 priority by using `nice \-number ...'. Command is always
3217 executed in a sub-shell, and the restrictions placed on
3223 Without an argument, causes the non-interactive shell only to
3231 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
3235 .B onintr \fR[\fB\-\fR|\fIlabel\fR]
3240 With `\-', causes all interrupts to be ignored.
3248 .B popd \fR[\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR] \fR[\fB+\fIn\fR]
3254 prevent this and the \fB\-p\fR flag can be given to override \fBpushdsilent\fR.
3255 The \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-n\fR and \fB\-v\fR flags have the same effect on \fIpopd\fR
3262 .B pushd \fR[\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR] [\fIname\fR|\fB+\fIn\fR]
3268 If \fIname\fR is `\-' it is interpreted as the previous working directory
3279 prevent this and the \fB\-p\fR flag can be given to override \fBpushdsilent\fR.
3280 The \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-n\fR and \fB\-v\fR flags have the same effect on \fIpushd\fR
3309 .B sched \-\fIn\fR (+)
3310 The first form prints the scheduled-event list.
3312 the scheduled-event list is printed.
3313 The second form adds \fIcommand\fR to the scheduled-event list.
3321 The time may be in 12-hour AM/PM format
3328 > sched +2:15 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico \-r1 \-sother
3335 1 Wed Apr 4 15:42 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico \-r1 \-sother
3339 > sched \-2
3343 1 Wed Apr 4 15:42 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico \-r1 \-sother
3345 A command in the scheduled-event list is executed just before the first
3351 However, normal operation of an already-running command will not
3352 be interrupted so that a scheduled-event list element may be run.
3370 .B set [\-r] [\-f|\-l] \fIname\fR\fB=(\fIwordlist\fB)\fR ... (+)
3374 .B set \-r \fR(+)
3376 .B set \-r \fIname\fR ... (+)
3379 .B set \-r \fIname\fR\fB=\fIword\fR ... (+)
3387 If \fB\-r\fR is specified, the value is set read-only. If \fB\-f\fR or
3388 \fB\-l\fR are specified, set only unique words keeping their order.
3389 \fB\-f\fR prefers the first occurrence of a word, and \fB\-l\fR the last.
3392 The sixth form lists only the names of all shell variables that are read-only.
3393 The seventh form makes \fIname\fR read-only, whether or not it has a value.
3395 make \fIname\fR read-only at the same time.
3398 These arguments can be repeated to set and/or make read-only multiple variables
3423 .B setty \fR[\fB\-d\fR|\fB\-q\fR|\fB\-x\fR] [\fB\-a\fR] [[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fImode\fR] (+)
3426 \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-q\fR or \fB\-x\fR tells \fIsetty\fR to act
3428 \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-q\fR or \fB\-x\fR, `execute' is used.
3431 which are fixed on (`+mode') or off (`\-mode').
3433 With \fB\-a\fR, lists all tty modes in the chosen set
3435 With \fB+\fImode\fR, \fB\-\fImode\fR or \fImode\fR, fixes \fImode\fR on or off
3450 .B source \fR[\fB\-h\fR] \fIname\fR [\fIargs\fR ...]
3458 With \fB\-h\fR, commands are placed on the history list instead of being
3459 executed, much like `history \-L'.
3463 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
3547 .B unlimit \fR[\fB\-hf\fR] [\fIresource\fR]
3550 With \fB\-h\fR, the corresponding hard limits are removed.
3551 Only the super-user may do this.
3554 With \fB\-f\fR errors are ignored.
3557 Removes all variables whose names match \fIpattern\fR, unless they are read-only.
3558 `unset *' thus removes all variables unless they are read-only;
3596 See also the \fIwhich-command\fR editor command.
3606 evaluates non-zero.
3622 working on an X window system using \fIxterm\fR(1) and a re-parenting window
3626 > alias cwdcmd 'echo \-n "^[]2;${HOST}:$cwd ^G"'
3632 > alias cwdcmd 'echo \-n "^[]2;${HOST}:$cwd^G^[]1;${HOST}^G"'
3647 > alias jobcmd 'echo \-n "^[]2\e;\e!#:q^G"'
3653 Invoked by the \fBrun-help\fR editor command. The command name for which help
3658 > alias helpcommand '\e!:1 --help'
3663 the customary Unix `-h'), except by using a table of many commands.
3696 > alias postcmd 'echo \-n "^[]2\e;\e!#:q^G"'
3719 shell variable to match (unless the shell variable is read-only) and vice
3734 If set, all times are shown in 12-hour AM/PM format.
3747 If set, the \fIspell-word\fR editor command is invoked automatically before
3751 If set, the \fIexpand-history\fR editor command is invoked automatically
3764 When the shell automatically logs out, it prints `auto-logout', sets the
3771 the tty is a pseudo-tty (pty) or the shell was not so compiled (see the
3805 If set, it enables color display for the builtin \fBls\-F\fR and it passes
3806 \fB\-\-color=auto\fR to \fBls\fR. Alternatively, it can be set to only
3807 \fBls\-F\fR or only \fBls\fR to enable color to only one command. Setting
3808 it to nothing is equivalent to setting it to \fB(ls\-F ls)\fR.
3815 If set, the command which was passed to the shell with the \fB-c\fR flag (q.v.).
3825 periods, hyphens and underscores (`.', `\-' and `_') as word
3829 case-insensitive manner; it will treat periods, hyphens and underscores
3844 If set to `cmd', commands are automatically spelling-corrected.
3861 The default location in which `dirs \-S' and `dirs \-L' look for
3878 If set to `euc', it enables display and editing EUC-kanji(Japanese) code.
3879 If set to `sjis', it enables display and editing Shift-JIS(Japanese) code.
3883 multi-byte code format:
3894 0 ... not used for multi-byte characters.
3896 1 ... used for the first byte of a multi-byte character.
3898 2 ... used for the second byte of a multi-byte character.
3900 3 ... used for both the first byte and second byte of a multi-byte character.
3904 .\" each nybble as a character. What's going on here? It this 3-byte code
3914 used for multi-byte characters. The 3rd character (0x02) is set to '1',
3915 indicating that it is used for the first byte of a multi-byte character.
3917 the second byte of a multi-byte character. The 5th and 6th characters
3919 byte of a multi-byte character.
3921 The GNU fileutils version of ls cannot display multi-byte
3922 filenames without the -N ( --literal ) option. If you are using
3924 example, "ls-F -l" cannot display multi-byte filenames.
3938 executed. For non-builtin commands all expansions occur before
3941 Set by the \fB\-x\fR command line option.
3950 Don't echo a newline if the first argument is `\-n'; the default for \fIcsh\fR.
3956 Recognize both the `\-n' flag and backslashed escape sequences; the default
3969 If set, the command-line editor is used. Set by default in interactive
3973 A list of command names for the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command to match.
4002 If set, wild-card glob patterns will match files and directories beginning
4007 characters including `/' traversing any existing sub-directories. (e.g.
4009 If used by itself, it will match zero or more sub-directories
4013 To prevent problems with recursion, the `**' glob-pattern will not
4021 If set, the incremental search match (in \fIi-search-back\fR and
4022 \fIi-search-fwd\fR) and the region between the mark and the cursor are
4046 The default location in which `history \-S' and `history \-L' look for
4057 also the \fItoggle-literal-history\fR editor command.
4072 the \fIend-of-file\fR command (usually generated by the user by typing
4077 ignores \fIn - 1\fR consecutive \fIend-of-file\fRs and exits on the
4085 is inhibited in non-interactive shell scripts, or for command strings
4087 executing a like-named command, but it is done after alias
4107 (kill) strings of text, e.g. \fIbackward-delete-word\fR,
4108 \fIkill-line\fR, etc, as well as the \fIcopy-region-as-kill\fR command.
4110 into the command-line, while \fIyank-pop\fR (see \fBEditor commands\fR)
4115 are used as flags to \fIls\-F\fR, making it act like `ls \-xF', `ls
4116 \-Fa', `ls \-FA' or a combination (e.g., `ls \-FxA'): `a' shows all
4126 If set, the \fIls\-F\fR builtin command shows the type of file to which
4130 The maximum number of items which the \fIlist-choices\fR editor command
4134 The maximum number of rows of items which the \fIlist-choices\fR editor
4214 A list of directories (or glob-patterns which match directories; see
4227 The old working directory, equivalent to the `\-' used by \fIcd\fR and \fIpushd\fR.
4244 variable or, if \fBPATH\fR does not exist, to a system-dependent default
4248 A shell which is given neither the \fB\-c\fR nor the \fB\-t\fR option
4255 If set and an interactive program exits with a non-zero status, the shell
4308 The time of day in 12-hour AM/PM format.
4311 Like `%t', but in 24-hour format (but see the \fBampm\fR shell variable).
4314 The `precise' time of day in 12-hour AM/PM format, with seconds.
4317 Like `%p', but in 24-hour format (but see the \fBampm\fR shell variable).
4385 eight-bit-clean shells; see the \fBversion\fR shell variable.
4415 If set (to a two-character string), the `%#' formatting sequence in the
4437 The string to print on the right-hand side of the screen (after
4447 If set, the shell does `dirs \-S' before exiting.
4452 If set, the shell does `history \-S' before exiting.
4474 of \fBBuiltin and non-builtin command execution\fR.) Initialized to the
4475 (system-dependent) home of the shell.
4518 builtins. Unfortunately, this does not work for hard-to-recognize filenames,
4523 editor command \fInormalize-path\fR (bound by default to ^X-n) when necessary.
4531 > ln \-s from/src to/dst
4591 filenames are passed to non-builtin commands.
4683 The number of pages which are zero-filled on demand.
4705 Note that the CPU percentage can be higher than 100% on multi-processors.
4723 Set by the \fB\-v\fR command line option.
4728 \fBOSTYPE\fR and \fBMACHTYPE\fR) and a comma-separated
4742 The shell is multibyte encoding clean (like UTF-8)
4753 `.' is put last in \fBpath\fR for security; default
4756 `.' is omitted from \fBpath\fR for security
4759 \fIvi\fR(1)\-style editing is the default rather than \fIemacs\fR(1)\-style
4799 If unset, various key bindings change behavior to be more \fBemacs\fR(1)\-style:
4802 If set, various key bindings change behavior to be more \fBvi\fR(1)\-style:
4807 This variable is unset by \fIbindkey\fR \fB-e\fR and
4808 set by \fIbindkey\fR \fB-v\fR.
4876 A list of non-alphanumeric characters to be considered part of a word by the
4877 \fIforward-word\fR, \fIbackward-word\fR etc., editor commands.
4879 if \fBvimode\fR is unset, `*?_\-.[]~=' is used as the default;
4895 Used by the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command if the
4915 A colon-separated list of directories in which the \fIrun-help\fR editor
4931 file format; a colon-separated list of expressions of the form
4932 "\fIxx=string\fR", where "\fIxx\fR" is a two-character variable name. The
4940 Normal (non-filename) text
4992 all C\-language source files blue you would specify \fB"*.c=34"\fR.
4995 Control characters can be written either in C\-style\-escaped
4996 notation, or in stty\-like ^\-notation. The C\-style notation
5002 Each file will be written as \fB<lc>\fR \fB<color-code>\fR
5087 numerical codes for your standard fore- and background colors.
5094 If set, printable characters are not rebound to \fIself-insert-command\fR.
5101 A colon-separated list of directories in which to look for executables.
5132 The pathname to a default full-screen editor.
5133 Used by the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command if the
5203 A command-line editor, which supports \fIemacs\fR(1)\-style
5204 or \fIvi\fR(1)\-style key bindings.
5205 See \fBThe command-line editor\fR and \fBEditor commands\fR.
5207 Programmable, interactive word completion and listing.
5214 typed commands, including documentation lookup (\fIrun-help\fR),
5215 quick editor restarting (\fIrun-fg-editor\fR) and
5216 command resolution (\fIwhich-command\fR).
5218 An enhanced history mechanism. Events in the history list are time-stamped.
5222 the \fI*-history\fR, \fIhistory-search-*\fR, \fIi-search-*\fR, \fIvi-search-*\fR and
5223 \fItoggle-literal-history\fR editor commands
5230 the \fInormalize-command\fR and \fInormalize-path\fR editor commands.
5232 Negation in glob-patterns. See \fBFilename substitution\fR.
5245 and system-dependent file locations (see \fBFILES\fR).
5247 Extensive terminal-management capabilities. See \fBTerminal management\fR.
5249 New builtin commands including \fIbuiltins\fR, \fIhup\fR, \fIls\-F\fR,
5263 Read-only variables. See \fBVariable substitution\fR.
5285 built-in commands. This would allow control commands to be placed anywhere,
5298 Glob-patterns which do not use `?', `*' or `[]' or which use `{}' or `~'
5301 The single-command form of \fIif\fR does output redirection even if
5304 \fIls\-F\fR includes file identification characters when sorting filenames
5315 In 1964, DEC produced the PDP-6. The PDP-10 was a later re-implementation. It
5316 was re-christened the DECsystem-10 in 1970 or so when DEC brought out the
5321 1972 as an experiment in demand-paged virtual memory operating systems. They
5322 built a new pager for the DEC PDP-10 and created the OS to go with it. It was
5325 In 1975, DEC brought out a new model of the PDP-10, the KL10; they intended to
5327 box. They called their version TOPS-20 (their capitalization is trademarked).
5328 A lot of TOPS-10 users (`The OPerating System for PDP-10') objected; thus DEC
5329 found themselves supporting two incompatible systems on the same hardware--but
5330 then there were 6 on the PDP-11!
5332 TENEX, and TOPS-20 to version 3, had command completion
5333 via a user-code-level subroutine library called ULTCMD. With version 3, DEC
5339 and TOPS-20, and created a version of csh which mimicked them.
5358 This manual documents tcsh 6.22.04 (Astron) 2021-04-26.
5374 Paul Placeway, Ohio State CIS Dept., 1983-1993
5378 Karl Kleinpaste, CCI 1983-4
5383 \fIls\-F\fR and \fIwhich\fR builtins and numerous bug fixes, modifications
5392 Christos S. Zoulas, Cornell U. EE Dept., 1987-94
5423 Per Hedeland, Ellemtel, Sweden, 1990-
5446 \fBshlvl\fR, Mach support, \fIcorrect-line\fR, 8-bit printing
5451 Jaap Vermeulen, Sequent, 1990-91
5452 Vi mode fixes, expand-line, window change fixes, Symmetry port
5454 Martin Boyer, Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, 1991
5470 Bruce Sterling Woodcock, sterling@netcom.com, 1991-1995
5475 \fIcomplete-word-fwd\fR and \fIcomplete-word-back\fR
5481 VMS-POSIX port
5500 Read-only variables
5502 Dave Schweisguth, Yale University, 1993-4
5508 Luke Mewburn, RMIT University, 1994-6