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8 .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
20 .\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
31 .\" - Tags in lists are bold, except in the FILES section where they are
34 .\" - References are bold for section headings and environment and shell
38 .\" - Be careful with the .B and .I macros: they handle only a limited number
42 .\" - Indent in multiples of 4, usually 8.
44 .\" - Use `', not '' or "", except of course in shell syntax examples.
47 .\" - Use \` for literal back-quote (`).
49 .\" - Use \e for literal backslash (\).
51 .\" - Use \-, not -.
53 .\" - Include the tilde when naming dot files. `~/.login', not `.login'.
55 .\" - Refer to external commands in man page format, e.g., `csh(1)'. However,
56 .\"   tcsh is `tcsh', not `tcsh(1)', because this is the tcsh man page (and
59 .\" - Say `the shell', not `tcsh', unless distinguishing between tcsh and csh.
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80 .TH TCSH 1 "26 Apr 2021" "Astron 6.22.04"
82 tcsh \- C shell with file name completion and command line editing
84 .B tcsh \fR[\fB\-bcdefFimnqstvVxX\fR] [\fB\-Dname\fR[\fB=value\fR]] [arg ...]
86 .B tcsh \-l
89 UNIX C shell, \fIcsh\fR(1).
92 It includes a command-line editor (see \fBThe command-line editor\fR),
97 and a C-like syntax.
99 over \fIcsh\fR(1).
101 \fItcsh\fR not found in most \fIcsh\fR(1) implementations
103 are labeled with `(+)', and features which are present in \fIcsh\fR(1)
106 If the first argument (argument 0) to the shell is `\-' then it is a
108 the \fB\-l\fR flag as the only argument.
112 .B \-b
114 further shell arguments to be treated as non-option arguments.  The remaining
117 will not run a set-user ID script without this option.
119 .B \-c
125 .B \-d
129 .B \-D\fIname\fR[=\fIvalue\fR]
132 .B \-e
134 yields a non-zero exit status.
136 .B \-f
140 .B \-F
143 .B \-i
144 The shell is interactive and prompts for its top-level input, even if
148 .B \-l
149 The shell is a login shell.  Applicable only if \fB\-l\fR is the only
152 .B \-m
154 user.  Newer versions of \fIsu\fR(1) can pass \fB\-m\fR to the shell. (+)
156 .B \-n
160 .B \-q
164 .B \-s
167 .B \-t
171 .B \-v
175 .B \-x
179 .B \-V
182 .B \-X
183 Is to \fB\-x\fR as \fB\-V\fR is to \fB\-v\fR.
185 .B \-\-help
188 .B \-\-version
193 \fB\-c\fR, \fB\-i\fR, \fB\-s\fR, or \fB\-t\fR options were given, the first
217 Non-login shells read only \fI/etc/csh.cshrc\fR and \fI~/.tcshrc\fR
223 Commands like \fIstty\fR(1) and \fItset\fR(1),
225 Users who need to use the same set of files with both \fIcsh\fR(1) and
227 \fBtcsh\fR shell variable (q.v.) before using \fItcsh\fR-specific commands,
249 compatibility with different \fIcsh\fR(1) variants; see \fBFILES\fR.
251 We first describe \fBThe command-line editor\fR.
257 .SS "The command-line editor (+)"
258 Command-line input can be edited using key sequences much like those used in
259 \fIemacs\fR(1) or \fIvi\fR(1).
263 \fIemacs\fR(1)\-style key bindings are used by default
265 but \fIbindkey\fR can change the key bindings to \fIvi\fR(1)\-style bindings en masse.
272 .TP 8
274 \fIdown-history\fR
275 .TP 8
277 \fIup-history\fR
278 .TP 8
280 \fIbackward-char\fR
281 .TP 8
283 \fIforward-char\fR
287 unless doing so would alter another single-character binding.
292 Other key bindings are, for the most part, what \fIemacs\fR(1) and \fIvi\fR(1)
294 is no need to list them here.  Likewise, \fIbindkey\fR can list the editor
296 Certain key bindings have different behavior depending if \fIemacs\fR(1) or \fIvi\fR(1)
300 shell.  The editor delimits words with any non-alphanumeric characters not in
307 run the \fIcomplete-word\fR editor command.
314 If no match is found (perhaps `/usr/lost+found' doesn't exist),
331 if no other variable began with `ar'.
341 to run the \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR editor command.
342 The shell lists the possible completions using the \fIls\-F\fR builtin (q.v.)
363 completion fails and adds no new characters to the word being completed.
391 \fIexpand-variables\fR editor command.
393 \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR lists at only the end of the line;
396 `M-^D', bound to the editor command \fIlist-choices\fR, lists completion
397 possibilities anywhere on a line, and \fIlist-choices\fR (or any one of the
399 listed under \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR) can be bound to `^D' with
402 The \fIcomplete-word-fwd\fR and \fIcomplete-word-back\fR editor commands
435 1) ignores case and 2) considers periods, hyphens and underscores
436 (`.', `\-' and `_') to be word separators and hyphens and underscores to
443 and typed `mail \-f c.l.c[tab]', it would be completed to
444 `mail \-f comp.lang.c', and ^D would list `comp.lang.c' and `comp.lang.c++'.
445 `mail \-f c..c++[^D]' would list `comp.lang.c++' and `comp.std.c++'.  Typing
446 `rm a\-\-file[^D]' in the following directory
448 A_silly_file    a-hyphenated-file    another_silly_file
459 Typing `rm a\-\-file[^D]' in the directory of the previous example would 
460 still list all three files, but typing `rm A\-\-file' would match only 
486 \fBautoexpand\fR can be set to run the \fIexpand-history\fR editor command
488 spelling-correct the word to be completed (see \fBSpelling correction\fR)
503 Completion and listing do not work on glob-patterns (see \fBFilename substitution\fR),
504 but the \fIlist-glob\fR and \fIexpand-glob\fR editor commands perform
505 equivalent functions for glob-patterns.
510 Individual words can be spelling-corrected with the \fIspell-word\fR
511 editor command (usually bound to M-s and M-S)
512 and the entire input buffer with \fIspell-line\fR (usually bound to M-$).
533 Spelling correction recognizes user-defined completions (see the
545 `bindkey' lists key bindings and `bindkey \-l' lists and briefly describes
548 See \fIemacs\fR(1) and \fIvi\fR(1) for descriptions of each editor's
553 `M-\fIcharacter\fR' a meta character, typed as escape-\fIcharacter\fR
555 to letters by default are bound to both lower- and uppercase letters for
557 .TP 8
558 .B backward-char \fR(^B, left)
561 .TP 8
562 .B backward-delete-word \fR(M-^H, M-^?)
563 Cut from beginning of current word to cursor \- saved in cut buffer.
565 .TP 8
566 .B backward-word \fR(M-b, M-B)
569 .TP 8
570 .B beginning-of-line \fR(^A, home)
573 .TP 8
574 .B capitalize-word \fR(M-c, M-C)
577 .TP 8
578 .B complete-word \fR(tab)
580 .TP 8
581 .B complete-word-back \fR(not bound)
582 Like \fIcomplete-word-fwd\fR, but steps up from the end of the list.
583 .TP 8
584 .B complete-word-fwd \fR(not bound)
588 .TP 8
589 .B complete-word-raw \fR(^X-tab)
590 Like \fIcomplete-word\fR, but ignores user-defined completions.
591 .TP 8
592 .B copy-prev-word \fR(M-^_)
594 See also \fIinsert-last-word\fR.
596 .TP 8
597 .B dabbrev-expand \fR(M-/)
601 Repeating \fIdabbrev-expand\fR without any intervening typing
603 much like \fIhistory-search-backward\fR does.
604 .TP 8
605 .B delete-char \fR(not bound)
607 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
609 .TP 8
610 .B delete-char-or-eof \fR(not bound)
611 Does \fIdelete-char\fR if there is a character under the cursor
612 or \fIend-of-file\fR on an empty line.
613 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
615 .TP 8
616 .B delete-char-or-list \fR(not bound)
617 Does \fIdelete-char\fR if there is a character under the cursor
618 or \fIlist-choices\fR at the end of the line.
619 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
620 .TP 8
621 .B delete-char-or-list-or-eof \fR(^D)
622 Does \fIdelete-char\fR if there is a character under the cursor,
623 \fIlist-choices\fR at the end of the line
624 or \fIend-of-file\fR on an empty line.
626 \fIdelete-char-or-eof\fR, \fIdelete-char-or-list\fR and \fIlist-or-eof\fR,
628 .TP 8
629 .B delete-word \fR(M-d, M-D)
630 Cut from cursor to end of current word \- save in cut buffer.
632 .TP 8
633 .B down-history \fR(down-arrow, ^N)
634 Like \fIup-history\fR, but steps down, stopping at the original input line.
635 .TP 8
636 .B downcase-word \fR(M-l, M-L)
639 .TP 8
640 .B end-of-file \fR(not bound)
642 shell variable (q.v.) is set to prevent this.
643 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
644 .TP 8
645 .B end-of-line \fR(^E, end)
648 .TP 8
649 .B expand-history \fR(M-space)
652 See also \fImagic-space\fR, \fItoggle-literal-history\fR and
654 .TP 8
655 .B expand-glob \fR(^X-*)
656 Expands the glob-pattern to the left of the cursor.
658 .TP 8
659 .B expand-line \fR(not bound)
660 Like \fIexpand-history\fR, but
662 .TP 8
663 .B expand-variables \fR(^X-$)
666 .TP 8
667 .B forward-char \fR(^F, right)
670 .TP 8
671 .B forward-word \fR(M-f, M-F)
674 .TP 8
675 .B history-search-backward \fR(M-p, M-P)
679 The search string may be a glob-pattern (see \fBFilename substitution\fR)
681 \fIup-history\fR and \fIdown-history\fR will proceed from the
684 See also \fIhistory-search-forward\fR and \fIi-search-back\fR.
685 .TP 8
686 .B history-search-forward \fR(M-n, M-N)
687 Like \fIhistory-search-backward\fR, but searches forward.
688 .TP 8
689 .B i-search-back \fR(not bound)
690 Searches backward like \fIhistory-search-backward\fR, copies the first match
693 typed to extend the search, \fIi-search-back\fR may be typed to continue
695 necessary, (\fIi-search-back\fR must be bound to a
699 .RS +8
702 .TP 8
705 .TP 8
706 delete (or any character bound to \fIbackward-delete-char\fR)
709 .TP 8
713 .TP 8
719 Any other character not bound to \fIself-insert-command\fR terminates the
723 See also \fIi-search-fwd\fR and \fIhistory-search-backward\fR.
726 .TP 8
727 .B i-search-fwd \fR(not bound)
728 Like \fIi-search-back\fR, but searches forward.
730 .TP 8
731 .B insert-last-word \fR(M-_)
733 See also \fIcopy-prev-word\fR.
734 .TP 8
735 .B list-choices \fR(M-^D)
737 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR and \fIlist-choices-raw\fR.
738 .TP 8
739 .B list-choices-raw \fR(^X-^D)
740 Like \fIlist-choices\fR, but ignores user-defined completions.
741 .TP 8
742 .B list-glob \fR(^X-g, ^X-G)
743 Lists (via the \fIls\-F\fR builtin) matches to the glob-pattern
745 .TP 8
746 .B list-or-eof \fR(not bound)
747 Does \fIlist-choices\fR
748 or \fIend-of-file\fR on an empty line.
749 See also \fIdelete-char-or-list-or-eof\fR.
750 .TP 8
751 .B magic-space \fR(not bound)
753 like \fIexpand-history\fR, and inserts a space.
754 \fImagic-space\fR is designed to be bound to the space bar,
756 .TP 8
757 .B normalize-command \fR(^X-?)
761 useful with commands that take commands as arguments, e.g., `dbx' and `sh \-x'.
762 .TP 8
763 .B normalize-path \fR(^X-n, ^X-N)
766 .TP 8
767 .B overwrite-mode \fR(unbound)
769 .TP 8
770 .B run-fg-editor \fR(M-^Z)
784 .B run-help \fR(M-h, M-H)
786 `current command' as the completion routines, and prints it.  There is no way
787 to use a pager; \fIrun-help\fR is designed for short help files.
790 documentation should be in a file named \fIcommand\fR.help, \fIcommand\fR.1,
791 \fIcommand\fR.6, \fIcommand\fR.8 or \fIcommand\fR, which should be in one
794 .TP 8
795 .B self-insert-command \fR(text characters)
801 See also \fIoverwrite-mode\fR.
802 .TP 8
803 .B sequence-lead-in \fR(arrow prefix, meta prefix, ^X)
805 multi-key sequence.  Binding a command to a multi-key sequence really creates
806 two bindings: the first character to \fIsequence-lead-in\fR and the
808 bound to \fIsequence-lead-in\fR are effectively bound to \fIundefined-key\fR
810 .TP 8
811 .B spell-line \fR(M-$)
813 \fIspell-word\fR, but ignores words whose first character is one of
814 `\-', `!', `^' or `%', or which contain `\e', `*' or `?', to avoid problems
817 .TP 8
818 .B spell-word \fR(M-s, M-S)
822 .TP 8
823 .B toggle-literal-history \fR(M-r, M-R)
825 See also \fIexpand-history\fR and the \fBautoexpand\fR shell variable.
826 .TP 8
827 .B undefined-key \fR(any unbound key)
829 .TP 8
830 .B up-history \fR(up-arrow, ^P)
834 .TP 8
835 .B upcase-word \fR(M-u, M-U)
838 .TP 8
839 .B vi-beginning-of-next-word \fR(not bound)
842 .TP 8
843 .B vi-eword \fR(not bound)
846 .TP 8
847 .B vi-search-back \fR(?)
848 Prompts with `?' for a search string (which may be a glob-pattern, as with
849 \fIhistory-search-backward\fR), searches for it and copies it into the
850 input buffer.  The bell rings if no match is found.
855 .TP 8
856 .B vi-search-fwd \fR(/)
857 Like \fIvi-search-back\fR, but searches forward.
858 .TP 8
859 .B which-command \fR(M-?)
862 .TP 8
863 .B yank-pop \fR(M-y)
864 When executed immediately after a \fIyank\fR or another \fIyank-pop\fR,
868 \fIyank\fR command. Repeating \fIyank-pop\fR will cycle through the
891 with `\e'.  (\fBAlias substitution\fR is no exception: quoting in any way any
902 below) can a double-quoted string yield parts of more than one word;
903 single-quoted strings never do.  Backward quotes are special: they signal
904 \fBCommand substitution\fR (q.v.), which may result in more than one word.
912 The \fBbackslash_quote\fR shell variable (q.v.) can be set to make backslashes
914 easier, but it can cause syntax errors in \fIcsh\fR(1) scripts.
927 Saved commands are numbered sequentially from 1 and stamped with the time.
967 .TP 8
970 .TP 8
971 \-\fIn\fR
973 .TP 8
976 This should be used carefully in \fIcsh\fR(1), where there is no check for
978 .TP 8
980 The previous event (equivalent to `\-1')
981 .TP 8
984 .TP 8
993 \ 9  8:30    nroff \-man wumpus.man
995 10  8:31    cp wumpus.man wumpus.man.old
997 11  8:36    vi wumpus.man
999 12  8:37    diff wumpus.man.old wumpus.man
1003 `!11' and `!\-2' refer to event 11.
1014 `vdoc', and, in this example, not find one, but `!{v}doc' would expand
1018 (+) While \fIcsh\fR(1) expands, for example, `!3d' to event 3 with the
1022 To expand `!3d' as in \fIcsh\fR(1) say `!{3}d'.
1027 (first argument) being 1, etc.  The basic word designators are:
1031 .TP 8
1034 .TP 8
1037 .TP 8
1039 The first argument, equivalent to `1'
1040 .TP 8
1043 .TP 8
1046 .TP 8
1047 .I x\-y
1049 .TP 8
1050 .I \-y
1051 Equivalent to \fI`0\-y'\fR
1052 .TP 8
1054 Equivalent to `^\-$', but returns nothing if the event contains only 1 word
1055 .TP 8
1057 Equivalent to \fI`x\-$'\fR
1058 .TP 8
1059 .I x\-
1066 typed as `diff !!:1.old !!:1' (using `:1' to select the first argument
1067 from the previous event) or `diff !\-2:2 !\-2:1' to select and swap the
1069 `diff' we might have said `diff !\-2:1\-2' or simply `diff !\-2:*'.
1070 The `cp' command might have been written `cp wumpus.man !#:1.old', using `#'
1072 `!n:\- hurkle.man' would reuse the first two words from the `nroff' command
1073 to say `nroff \-man hurkle.man'.
1076 omitted if the argument selector begins with a `^', `$', `*', `%' or `\-'.
1079 an argument selector beginning with `\-' will be interpreted as an event
1082 A history reference may have a word designator but no event specification.
1092 .TP 8
1095 .TP 8
1098 .TP 8
1101 .TP 8
1104 .TP 8
1107 .TP 8
1110 .TP 8
1114 the eponymous \fIed\fR(1) command.
1121 .TP 8
1124 .TP 8
1127 .TP 8
1133 .TP 8
1136 .TP 8
1139 .TP 8
1145 > set args=('arg 1' '' 'arg 3')
1147 > tcsh -f -c 'echo ${#argv}' $args:gQ
1151 .TP 8
1158 It is an error for no word to be modifiable.
1164 We might follow `mail \-s "I forgot my password" rot' with `!:s/rot/root' to
1177 % mv wumpus.man /usr/man/man1/wumpus.1
1183 In \fIcsh\fR, the result would be `wumpus.1:r'.  A substitution followed by a
1192 > setenv PATH !{\-2$:h}:$PATH
1202 The \fIup-\fR and \fIdown-history\fR, \fIhistory-search-backward\fR and
1203 \fI-forward\fR, \fIi-search-back\fR and \fI-fwd\fR,
1204 \fIvi-search-back\fR and \fI-fwd\fR, \fIcopy-prev-word\fR
1205 and \fIinsert-last-word\fR editor commands search for
1207 The \fItoggle-literal-history\fR editor command switches between the
1209 \fIexpand-history\fR and \fIexpand-line\fR expand history substitutions
1215 left-to-right, is checked to see if it has an alias.  If so, the first word is
1217 \fBHistory substitution\fR (q.v.) as though the original command were the
1221 Thus if the alias for `ls' were `ls \-l' the command `ls /usr' would become `ls
1222 \-l /usr', the argument list here being undisturbed.  If the alias for `lookup'
1226 \fIpr\fR(1)s its arguments to the line printer.
1228 Alias substitution is repeated until the first word of the command has no
1243 (+) Variables may be made read-only with `set \-r' (q.v.).
1244 Read-only variables may not be modified or unset;
1246 Once made read-only, a variable cannot be made writable,
1247 so `set \-r' should be used with caution.
1248 Environment variables cannot be made read-only.
1256 input to be echoed.  The \fB\-v\fR command line option sets this variable.
1263 the second and subsequent words of multi-word values are ignored.
1272 end-of-line.
1294 .TP 8
1305 .TP 8
1309 a single number or two numbers separated by a `\-'.
1310 The first word of a variable's value is numbered `1'.
1311 If the first number of a range is omitted it defaults to `1'.
1316 .TP 8
1322 .TP 8
1325 .TP 8
1333 just as with \fBHistory substitution\fR (q.v.); any modifiers must appear
1340 .TP 8
1342 Substitutes the string `1' if \fIname\fR is set, `0' if it is not.
1343 .TP 8
1345 Substitutes `1' if the current input filename is known, `0' if it is not.
1349 .TP 8
1352 .TP 8
1357 .TP 8
1362 .TP 8
1365 .TP 8
1368 .TP 8
1371 .TP 8
1375 .TP 8
1378 .TP 8
1380 Substitutes a line from the standard input, with no further interpretation
1388 The editor command \fIexpand-variables\fR, normally bound to `^X-$',
1395 occurs very late, after input-output redirection is performed, and in a child
1415 ``globbing''.  This word is then regarded as a pattern (``glob-pattern''), and
1429 characters separated by `\-' matches any character lexically between the two.
1431 (+) Some glob-patterns can be negated:
1435 An entire glob-pattern can also be negated with `^':
1445 Glob-patterns which do not use `?', `*', or `[]' or which use `{}' or `~'
1449 Left-to-right order is preserved: `/usr/source/s1/{oldls,ls}.c' expands
1463 name consisting of letters, digits and `\-' characters the shell searches for a
1471 It is an error for a glob-pattern containing `*', `?', `[' or `~', with or
1473 glob-patterns must match a file (so that, e.g., `rm *.a *.c *.o' would fail
1474 only if there were no files in the current directory ending in `.a', `.c', or
1481 recursively traversing any existing sub-directories.  For example, 
1483 If used by itself, it will match zero or more sub-directories
1489 To prevent problems with recursion, the `**' glob-pattern will not 
1494 and the \fIexpand-glob\fR editor command, normally bound to `^X-*', can be
1498 \fIpushd\fR, \fIpopd\fR and \fIdirs\fR builtin commands (q.v.).
1506 the directory stack.  The special case `=\-' expands to the last directory in
1509 > dirs \-v
1513 1       /usr/spool/uucp
1517 > echo =1
1525 > echo =\-
1529 The \fBnoglob\fR and \fBnonomatch\fR shell variables and the \fIexpand-glob\fR
1535 \fBsymlinks\fR variable (q.v.) is set to `expand'.
1537 the \fInormalize-path\fR editor command does it on demand.
1538 The \fInormalize-command\fR editor command expands commands in PATH into
1540 Finally, \fIcd\fR and \fIpushd\fR interpret `\-' as the old working directory
1562 .SS "Builtin and non-builtin command execution"
1582 command.  If the shell is not given a \fB\-f\fR option, the shell
1589 .B 1.
1593 If the shell was given a \fB\-f\fR argument.
1622 .TP 8
1626 .TP 8
1643 .TP 8
1648 .RS +8
1670 .TP 8
1678 by the input-output parameters and the presence of the command in a pipeline.
1680 have no access to the text of the commands by default; rather they receive the
1693 standard output, but `(\fIcommand\fR > \fIoutput-file\fR) >& \fIerror-file\fR'
1694 is often an acceptable workaround.  Either \fIoutput-file\fR or
1695 \fIerror-file\fR may be `/dev/tty' to send output to the terminal.
1707 \fIif-then-else\fR form of the \fIif\fR statement, require that the major
1713 allows, backward \fIgoto\fRs will succeed on non-seekable inputs.)
1718 builtin command (q.v.) has its own separate syntax.
1725 <  > <<  >>  +  \-  *  /  %  !  ~  (  )
1728 `>=' `<' and `>', `<<' and `>>', `+' and `\-', `*' `/' and `%' being, in
1732 glob-pattern (see \fBFilename substitution\fR) against which the left hand
1748 succeed, returning true, i.e., `1', if the command exits with status 0,
1754 objects.  They are of the form \fB\-\fIop file\fR, where \fIop\fR is one of
1769 Executable in the path or shell builtin, e.g., `\-X ls' and `\-X ls\-F' are
1770 generally true, but `\-X /bin/ls' is not (+)
1782 Non-zero size (+)
1806 Set-user-ID bit is set (+)
1809 Set-group-ID bit is set (+)
1822 Applies subsequent operators in a multiple-operator test to a symbolic link
1833 These operators may be combined for conciseness: `\-\fIxy file\fR' is
1834 equivalent to `\-\fIx file\fR && \-\fIy file\fR'.  (+) For example, `\-fx' is true
1835 (returns `1') for plain executable files, but not for directories.
1837 \fBL\fR may be used in a multiple-operator test to apply subsequent operators
1839 For example, `\-lLo' is true for links owned by the invoking user.
1841 non-links.  \fBL\fR has a different meaning when it is the last operator
1842 in a multiple-operator test; see below.
1846 (e.g., \fBX\fR and \fBt\fR).  Following \fBL\fR with a non-file operator
1849 Other operators return other information, i.e., not just `0' or `1'.  (+)
1854 .TP 8
1857 .TP 8
1860 .TP 8
1863 .TP 8
1866 .TP 8
1869 .TP 8
1872 .TP 8
1875 .TP 8
1878 .TP 8
1881 .TP 8
1884 .TP 8
1887 .TP 8
1890 .TP 8
1893 .TP 8
1895 Equivalent to `\-P \fIfile\fR & \fImode\fR', e.g., `\-P22 \fIfile\fR' returns
1898 .TP 8
1901 .TP 8
1904 .TP 8
1907 .TP 8
1910 .TP 8
1913 .TP 8
1919 Only one of these operators may appear in a multiple-operator test, and it
1921 elsewhere in a multiple-operator test.  Because `0' is a valid return value
1923 return `\-1', and \fBF\fR returns `:'.
1928 For example, if one tests a file with \fB\-w\fR whose permissions would
1929 ordinarily allow writing but which is on a file system mounted read-only,
1930 the test will succeed in a POSIX shell but fail in a non-POSIX shell.
1933 command (q.v.) (+).
1940 [1] 1234
1942 indicating that the job which was started asynchronously was job number 1 and
1943 had one (top-level) process, whose process id was 1234.
1951 be in long format, like `jobs \-l'.
1956 (See also the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command.)
1966 The `^Y' key performs this function in \fIcsh\fR(1); in \fItcsh\fR,
1976 introduces a job name.  If you wish to refer to job number 1, you can name it
1977 as `%1'.  Just naming a job brings it to the foreground; thus `%1' is a synonym
1978 for `fg %1', bringing job 1 back into the foreground.  Similarly, saying `%1 &'
1979 resumes job 1 in the background, just like `bg %1'.  A job can also be named
1981 normally restart a suspended \fIex\fR(1) job, if there were only one suspended
1988 with a `\-'.  The abbreviations `%+', `%', and (by analogy with the syntax of
1989 the \fIhistory\fR mechanism) `%%' all refer to the current job, and `%\-' refers
1992 The job control mechanism requires that the \fIstty\fR(1) option `new' be set
1995 tell jobs to stop.  See \fIstty\fR(1) and the \fIsetty\fR builtin command for
1999 informs you whenever a job becomes blocked so that no further progress is
2018 The \fIsched\fR builtin command puts commands in a scheduled-event list,
2053 In either case, 7-bit ASCII is the default character code
2060 (e.g., a 'en_CA.UTF-8' would yield "UTF-8" as a character code).
2064 ISO 8859-1 character set is used
2069 characters in the range \e200\-\e377, i.e., those that have
2070 M-\fIchar\fR bindings, are automatically rebound to \fIself-insert-command\fR.
2071 The corresponding binding for the escape-\fIchar\fR sequence, if any, is
2075 which assumes full ISO 8859-1.  Otherwise, all M-\fIchar\fR bindings in the
2076 range \e240\-\e377 are effectively undone.
2082 If the tty is not in 8 bit mode, other 8 bit characters are printed by
2084 never changes the 7/8 bit mode of the tty and tracks user-initiated
2085 changes of 7/8 bit mode.  NLS users (or, for that matter, those who want to
2087 the tty in 8 bit mode through the appropriate \fIstty\fR(1)
2094 On systems that support TCF (aix-ibm370, aix-ps2),
2106 Under Mach, \fIsetpath\fR is equivalent to Mach's \fIsetpath\fR(1).
2131 \fBecho_style\fR shell variables and the system-dependent locations of
2135 The shell ignores quit signals unless started with \fB\-q\fR.
2136 Login shells catch the terminate signal, but non-login shells inherit the
2158 it takes typed-ahead characters anyway.
2173 .TP 8
2176 .TP 8
2179 .TP 8
2189 .B @ \fIname\fB++\fR|\fB--
2191 .TP 8
2192 .B @ \fIname\fR[\fIindex\fR]\fB++\fR|\fB--
2195 .RS +8
2208 The fourth and fifth forms increment (`++') or decrement (`\-\-') \fIname\fR
2216 .TP 8
2225 .TP 8
2229 category.  The categories start at size 8 and double at each step.  This
2232 .TP 8
2236 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
2239 .B bindkey \fR[\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-d\fR|\fB\-e\fR|\fB\-v\fR|\fB\-u\fR] (+)
2241 \fBbindkey \fR[\fB\-a\fR] [\fB\-b\fR] [\fB\-k\fR] [\fB\-r\fR] [\fB\-\-\fR] \fIkey \fR(+)
2243 .TP 8
2244 \fBbindkey \fR[\fB\-a\fR] [\fB\-b\fR] [\fB\-k\fR] [\fB\-c\fR|\fB\-s\fR] [\fB\-\-\fR] \fIkey command…
2253 .RS +8
2255 .B \-l
2258 .B \-d
2260 as per \fB-e\fR and \fB-v\fR below.
2262 .B \-e
2263 Binds all keys to \fIemacs\fR(1)\-style bindings.
2266 .B \-v
2267 Binds all keys to \fIvi\fR(1)\-style bindings.
2270 .B \-a
2271 Lists or changes key-bindings in the alternative key map.
2274 .B \-b
2277 C-\fIcharacter\fR (e.g., `C-A'),
2278 a meta character written M-\fIcharacter\fR (e.g., `M-A'),
2279 a function key written F-\fIstring\fR (e.g., `F-string'),
2280 or an extended prefix key written X-\fIcharacter\fR (e.g., `X-A').
2282 .B \-k
2286 .B \-r
2288 Be careful: `bindkey \-r' does \fInot\fR bind \fIkey\fR to
2289 \fIself-insert-command\fR (q.v.), it unbinds \fIkey\fR completely.
2291 .B \-c
2295 .B \-s
2300 .B \-\-
2302 even if it begins with '\-'.
2304 .B \-u \fR(or any invalid option)
2310 \fIsequence-lead-in\fR and the entire string is bound to the command.
2313 them with the editor command \fIquoted-insert\fR, normally bound to `^V') or
2314 written caret-character style, e.g., `^A'.  Delete is written `^?'
2315 (caret-question mark).  \fIkey\fR and \fIcommand\fR can contain backslashed
2316 escape sequences (in the style of System V \fIecho\fR(1)) as follows:
2318 .TP 8
2322 .TP 8
2325 .TP 8
2328 .TP 8
2331 .TP 8
2334 .TP 8
2337 .TP 8
2340 .TP 8
2343 .TP 8
2352 .TP 8
2353 .B bs2cmd \fIbs2000-command\fR (+)
2354 Passes \fIbs2000-command\fR to the BS2000 command interpreter for
2355 execution. Only non-interactive commands can be executed, and it is
2357 of the current process, like /EXECUTE or /CALL-PROCEDURE. (BS2000 only)
2358 .TP 8
2362 current line are executed.  Multi-level breaks are thus
2364 .TP 8
2367 .TP 8
2370 .TP 8
2375 .TP 8
2378 .TP 8
2379 .B cd \fR[\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR] [\I--\fR] [\fIname\fR]
2383 If \fIname\fR is `\-' it is interpreted as the previous working directory
2390 the \fB\-p\fR option is implied.
2391 .RS +8
2393 With \fB\-p\fR, prints the final directory stack, just like \fIdirs\fR.
2394 The \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-n\fR and \fB\-v\fR flags have the same effect on \fIcd\fR
2395 as on \fIdirs\fR, and they imply \fB\-p\fR.  (+)
2396 Using \fB\-\-\fR forces a break from option processing so the next word
2397 is taken as the directory \fIname\fR even if it begins with '\-'. (+)
2401 .TP 8
2404 .TP 8
2409 .RS +8
2411 \fIcommand\fR may be a full command name or a glob-pattern
2412 (see \fBFilename substitution\fR).  It can begin with `\-' to indicate that
2422 Current-word completion.
2423 \fIpattern\fR is a glob-pattern which must match the beginning of the current word on
2430 Next-word completion.
2431 \fIpattern\fR is a glob-pattern which must match the beginning of the previous word on
2438 Position-dependent completion.
2448 .TP 8
2451 .TP 8
2454 .TP 8
2457 .TP 8
2460 .TP 8
2463 .TP 8
2466 .TP 8
2469 .TP 8
2472 .TP 8
2475 .TP 8
2478 .TP 8
2481 .TP 8
2484 .TP 8
2487 .TP 8
2490 .TP 8
2493 .TP 8
2496 .TP 8
2499 .TP 8
2500 .B v
2502 .TP 8
2505 .TP 8
2507 Like \fBn\fR, but prints \fIselect\fR when \fIlist-choices\fR is used.
2508 .TP 8
2511 .TP 8
2514 .TP 8
2517 .TP 8
2523 \fIselect\fR is an optional glob-pattern.
2528 the \fIlist-choices\fR editor command is used.
2531 completion.  If null, no character is appended.  If omitted (in which
2540 sophisticated completions (see completion for svn(1) included in
2544 so there's no point completing plain files.
2546 > complete cd 'p/1/d/'
2548 completes only the first word following `cd' (`p/1') with a directory.
2549 \fBp\fR-type completion can also be used to narrow down command completion:
2555 > complete \-co* 'p/0/(compress)/'
2564 The leading `\-' indicates that this completion is to be used with only
2567 > complete find 'n/\-user/u/'
2569 is an example of \fBn\fR-type completion.  Any word following `find' and
2570 immediately following `\-user' is completed from the list of users.
2572 > complete cc 'c/\-I/d/'
2574 demonstrates \fBc\fR-type completion.  Any word following `cc' and beginning
2575 with `\-I' is completed as a directory.  `\-I' is not taken as part of the
2580 > complete alias 'p/1/a/'
2584 > complete set 'p/1/s/'
2586 > complete true 'p/1/x:Truth has no options./'
2591 is attempted and prints `Truth has no options.' when completion choices are listed.
2598 > complete ftp 'p/1/$hostnames/'
2616 > complete kill 'p/*/\`ps | awk \e{print\e \e$1\e}\`/'
2618 > kill \-9 [^D]
2623 so the braces, space and `$' in `{print $1}' must be quoted explicitly.
2631 before the next-word completion.
2633 the next-word completion were specified first it would always match
2643 \fIselect\fR can also exclude files, using negation of a glob-pattern as
2646 > complete rm 'p/*/f:^*.{c,h,cc,C,tex,1,man,l,y}/'
2650 mechanism using the \fIcomplete-word-raw\fR or \fIlist-choices-raw\fR
2651 editor commands (q.v.).
2661 to complete `elm \-f =' as if it were `elm \-f ~/Mail/'.  Note that we used `@'
2669 > complete finger 'c/*@/$hostnames/' 'p/1/u/@'
2679 \&'n/\-name/f/' 'n/\-newer/f/' 'n/\-{,n}cpio/f/' \e
2681 \&\'n/\-exec/c/' 'n/\-ok/c/' 'n/\-user/u/' \e
2683 \&'n/\-group/g/' 'n/\-fstype/(nfs 4.2)/' \e
2685 \&'n/\-type/(b c d f l p s)/' \e
2687 \'c/\-/(name newer cpio ncpio exec ok user \e
2697 This completes words following `\-name', `\-newer', `\-cpio' or `ncpio'
2699 words following `\-exec' or `\-ok' to commands, words following `user'
2701 and words following `\-fstype' or `\-type' to members of the
2703 (note the use of \fBc\fR-type completion)
2710 .TP 8
2714 .TP 8
2719 .B dirs \fR[\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR]
2721 .B dirs \-S\fR|\fB\-L \fR[\fIfilename\fR] (+)
2723 .TP 8
2724 .B dirs \-c \fR(+)
2727 With \fB\-l\fR, `~' or `~\fIname\fP' in the output is expanded explicitly
2729 With \fB\-n\fR, entries are wrapped before they reach the edge of the screen.  (+)
2730 With \fB\-v\fR, entries are printed one per line, preceded by their stack positions.  (+)
2731 If more than one of \fB\-n\fR or \fB\-v\fR is given, \fB\-v\fR takes precedence.
2732 \fB\-p\fR is accepted but does nothing.
2734 .RS +8
2736 With \fB\-S\fR, the second form saves the directory stack to \fIfilename\fR
2738 With \fB\-L\fR, the shell sources \fIfilename\fR, which is presumably
2739 a directory stack file saved by the \fB\-S\fR option or the \fBsavedirs\fR
2744 Note that login shells do the equivalent of `dirs \-L' on startup
2745 and, if \fBsavedirs\fR is set, `dirs \-S' before exiting.
2751 .TP 8
2752 .B echo \fR[\fB\-n\fR] \fIword\fR ...
2756 sequences of the BSD and/or System V versions of \fIecho\fR; see \fIecho\fR(1).
2757 .TP 8
2758 .B echotc \fR[\fB\-sv\fR] \fIarg\fR ... (+)
2764 .RS +8
2767 value of that capability ("yes" or "no" indicating that the terminal does
2774 > @ history\-\-
2785 > echo \-n "$tosl";date; echo \-n "$frsl"
2787 With \fB\-s\fR, nonexistent capabilities return the empty string rather
2789 With \fB\-v\fR, messages are verbose.
2798 .TP 8
2803 .TP 8
2810 See \fItset\fR(1) for a sample use of \fIeval\fR.
2811 .TP 8
2814 .TP 8
2819 .TP 8
2823 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
2825 See also the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command.
2826 .TP 8
2827 .B filetest \-\fIop file\fR ... (+)
2830 space-separated list.
2836 .TP 8
2849 .TP 8
2852 .TP 8
2855 .TP 8
2857 Like \fIecho\fR, but the `-n' parameter is not recognized and words are
2860 .TP 8
2862 \fIword\fR is filename and command-substituted to
2867 .TP 8
2878 .B history \fR[\fB\-hTr\fR] [\fIn\fR]
2880 .B history \-S\fR|\fB\-L|\fB\-M \fR[\fIfilename\fR] (+)
2882 .TP 8
2883 .B history \-c \fR(+)
2886 With \fB\-h\fR, the history list is printed without leading numbers.  If
2887 \fB-T\fR is specified, timestamps are printed also in comment form.
2889 produce files suitable for loading with 'history \-L' or 'source \-h'.)
2890 With \fB\-r\fR, the order of printing is most recent
2893 .RS +8
2895 With \fB\-S\fR, the second form saves the history list to \fIfilename\fR.
2907 With \fB\-L\fR, the shell appends \fIfilename\fR, which is presumably a
2908 history list saved by the \fB\-S\fR option or the \fBsavehist\fR mechanism,
2910 \fB\-M\fR is like \fB\-L\fR, but the contents of \fIfilename\fR are merged
2914 `history \-L' is exactly like 'source \-h' except that it does not require a
2917 Note that login shells do the equivalent of `history \-L' on startup
2918 and, if \fBsavehist\fR is set, `history \-S' before exiting.
2927 .TP 8
2933 Without an argument, causes the non-interactive shell only to
2936 .TP 8
2959 .TP 8
2964 number of \fIelse-if\fR pairs are possible; only one \fIendif\fR is
2970 .TP 8
2971 .B inlib \fIshared-library\fR ... (+)
2972 Adds each \fIshared-library\fR to the current environment.  There is no way
2974 .TP 8
2975 .B jobs \fR[\fB\-l\fR]
2976 Lists the active jobs.  With \fB\-l\fR, lists process
2981 .TP 8
2982 .B kill \fR[\fB\-s \fIsignal\fR] \fB%\fIjob\fR|\fIpid\fR ...
2984 .TP 8
2985 .B kill \-l
2988 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
2992 There is no default \fIjob\fR; saying just `kill' does not send a signal
2998 .TP 8
2999 .B limit \fR[\fB\-h\fR] [\fIresource\fR [\fImaximum-use\fR]]
3001 process it creates to not individually exceed \fImaximum-use\fR on
3002 the specified \fIresource\fR.  If no \fImaximum-use\fR is given, then
3003 the current limit is printed; if no \fIresource\fR is given, then
3004 all limitations are given.  If the \fB\-h\fR flag is given, the
3007 limits.  Only the super-user may raise the hard limits, but
3009 .RS +8
3014 the maximum number of cpu-seconds to be used by each process
3024 the maximum size of the automatically-extended stack region
3049 the maximum number of pseudo-terminals for this user
3089 the maximum nice priority the user is allowed to raise mapped from [19...-20]
3097 \fImaximum-use\fR may be given as a (floating point or
3105 If \fImaximum-use\fR  is `unlimited',
3112 .TP 8
3117 .TP 8
3121 compatibility with \fIsh\fR(1).
3122 .TP 8
3125 .TP 8
3126 .B ls\-F \fR[\-\fIswitch\fR ...] [\fIfile\fR ...] (+)
3127 Lists files like `ls \-F', but much faster.  It identifies each type of
3130 .RS +8
3167 Symbolic link to a non-directory
3176 \fBlistlinks\fR also slows down \fIls\-F\fR and causes partitions holding
3180 combination thereof (e.g., `xA'), they are used as flags to \fIls\-F\fR,
3181 making it act like `ls \-xF', `ls \-Fa', `ls \-FA' or a combination
3182 (e.g., `ls \-FxA').
3183 On machines where `ls \-C' is not the default, \fIls\-F\fR acts like `ls \-CF',
3184 unless \fBlistflags\fR contains an `x', in which case it acts like `ls \-xF'.
3185 \fIls\-F\fR passes its arguments to \fIls\fR(1) if it is given any switches,
3186 so `alias ls ls\-F' generally does the right thing.
3188 The \fBls\-F\fR builtin can list files using different colors depending on the
3193 .B migrate \fR[\fB\-\fIsite\fR] \fIpid\fR|\fB%\fIjobid\fR ... (+)
3195 .TP 8
3196 .B migrate \-\fIsite\fR (+)
3199 The second form is equivalent to `migrate \-\fIsite\fR $$': it migrates the
3204 .TP 8
3205 .B newgrp \fR[\fB\-\fR] \fI[group]\fR (+)
3206 Equivalent to `exec newgrp'; see \fInewgrp\fR(1).
3209 .TP 8
3215 the process gets.  The super-user may specify negative
3216 priority by using `nice \-number ...'.  Command is always
3217 executed in a sub-shell, and the restrictions placed on
3219 .TP 8
3223 Without an argument, causes the non-interactive shell only to
3226 .TP 8
3231 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
3234 .TP 8
3235 .B onintr \fR[\fB\-\fR|\fIlabel\fR]
3240 With `\-', causes all interrupts to be ignored.
3244 .IP "" 8
3247 .TP 8
3248 .B popd \fR[\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR] \fR[\fB+\fIn\fR]
3251 .IP "" 8
3254 prevent this and the \fB\-p\fR flag can be given to override \fBpushdsilent\fR.
3255 The \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-n\fR and \fB\-v\fR flags have the same effect on \fIpopd\fR
3257 .TP 8
3261 .TP 8
3262 .B pushd \fR[\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-n\fR|\fB\-v\fR] [\fIname\fR|\fB+\fIn\fR]
3268 If \fIname\fR is `\-' it is interpreted as the previous working directory
3276 .IP "" 8
3279 prevent this and the \fB\-p\fR flag can be given to override \fBpushdsilent\fR.
3280 The \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-n\fR and \fB\-v\fR flags have the same effect on \fIpushd\fR
3282 .TP 8
3293 .TP 8
3299 .TP 8
3308 .TP 8
3309 .B sched \-\fIn\fR (+)
3310 The first form prints the scheduled-event list.
3312 the scheduled-event list is printed.
3313 The second form adds \fIcommand\fR to the scheduled-event list.
3316 .RS +8
3321 The time may be in 12-hour AM/PM format
3328 > sched +2:15 /usr/lib/uucp/uucico \-r1 \-sother
3335      1  Wed Apr  4 15:42  /usr/lib/uucp/uucico \-r1 \-sother
3339 > sched \-2
3343      1  Wed Apr  4 15:42  /usr/lib/uucp/uucico \-r1 \-sother
3345 A command in the scheduled-event list is executed just before the first
3351 However, normal operation of an already-running command will not
3352 be interrupted so that a scheduled-event list element may be run.
3354 This mechanism is similar to, but not the same as, the \fIat\fR(1)
3370 .B set [\-r] [\-f|\-l] \fIname\fR\fB=(\fIwordlist\fB)\fR ... (+)
3374 .B set \-r \fR(+)
3376 .B set \-r \fIname\fR ... (+)
3378 .TP 8
3379 .B set \-r \fIname\fR\fB=\fIword\fR ... (+)
3387 If \fB\-r\fR is specified, the value is set read-only.  If \fB\-f\fR or
3388 \fB\-l\fR are specified, set only unique words keeping their order.
3389 \fB\-f\fR prefers the first occurrence of a word, and \fB\-l\fR the last.
3392 The sixth form lists only the names of all shell variables that are read-only.
3393 The seventh form makes \fIname\fR read-only, whether or not it has a value.
3395 make \fIname\fR read-only at the same time.
3397 .IP "" 8
3398 These arguments can be repeated to set and/or make read-only multiple variables
3404 .TP 8
3409 .TP 8
3411 Equivalent to \fIsetpath\fR(1).  (Mach only)
3412 .TP 8
3415 .TP 8
3420 Concept terminal users may have to `settc xn no' to get proper
3422 .TP 8
3423 .B setty \fR[\fB\-d\fR|\fB\-q\fR|\fB\-x\fR] [\fB\-a\fR] [[\fB+\fR|\fB\-\fR]\fImode\fR] (+)
3426 \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-q\fR or \fB\-x\fR tells \fIsetty\fR to act
3428 \fB\-d\fR, \fB\-q\fR or \fB\-x\fR, `execute' is used.
3429 .IP "" 8
3431 which are fixed on (`+mode') or off (`\-mode').
3433 With \fB\-a\fR, lists all tty modes in the chosen set
3435 With \fB+\fImode\fR, \fB\-\fImode\fR or \fImode\fR, fixes \fImode\fR on or off
3439 .TP 8
3443 .TP 8
3445 Without arguments, discards \fBargv\fR[1] and shifts the members of
3449 .TP 8
3450 .B source \fR[\fB\-h\fR] \fIname\fR [\fIargs\fR ...]
3458 With \fB\-h\fR, commands are placed on the history list instead of being
3459 executed, much like `history \-L'.
3460 .TP 8
3463 \fIjob\fR may be a number, a string, `', `%', `+' or `\-' as described
3465 There is no default \fIjob\fR; saying just `stop' does not stop
3467 .TP 8
3471 stop shells started by \fIsu\fR(1).
3489 .TP 8
3500 labels and default labels as in C.  If no label matches and
3501 there is no default, execution continues after the \fIendsw\fR.
3503 .TP 8
3506 .TP 8
3508 Tests if \fIterminal type\fR (or the current value of \fBTERM\fR if no
3511 if an entry is present otherwise returns 1.
3512 .TP 8
3521 .TP 8
3528 .TP 8
3534 .TP 8
3539 .TP 8
3543 .TP 8
3546 .TP 8
3547 .B unlimit \fR[\fB\-hf\fR] [\fIresource\fR]
3548 Removes the limitation on \fIresource\fR or, if no \fIresource\fR is
3550 With \fB\-h\fR, the corresponding hard limits are removed.
3551 Only the super-user may do this.
3554 With \fB\-f\fR errors are ignored.
3555 .TP 8
3557 Removes all variables whose names match \fIpattern\fR, unless they are read-only.
3558 `unset *' thus removes all variables unless they are read-only;
3561 .TP 8
3567 .TP 8
3573 .TP 8
3578 .TP 8
3581 .TP 8
3583 An alternate name for the \fIlog\fR builtin command (q.v.).
3586 .TP 8
3590 .TP 8
3594 The builtin command is just like \fIwhich\fR(1), but it correctly reports
3596 See also the \fIwhich-command\fR editor command.
3602 .TP 8
3606 evaluates non-zero.
3616 .TP 8
3619 .TP 8
3622 working on an X window system using \fIxterm\fR(1) and a re-parenting window
3623 manager that supports title bars such as \fItwm\fR(1) and does
3624 .RS +8
3626 > alias cwdcmd  'echo \-n "^[]2;${HOST}:$cwd ^G"'
3628 then the shell will change the title of the running \fIxterm\fR(1)
3632 > alias cwdcmd 'echo \-n "^[]2;${HOST}:$cwd^G^[]1;${HOST}^G"'
3641 .TP 8
3645 .RS +8
3647 > alias jobcmd  'echo \-n "^[]2\e;\e!#:q^G"'
3651 .TP 8
3653 Invoked by the \fBrun-help\fR editor command.  The command name for which help
3656 .RS +8
3658 > alias helpcommand '\e!:1 --help'
3662 Currently there is no easy way to account for various calling conventions (e.g.,
3663 the customary Unix `-h'), except by using a table of many commands.
3665 .TP 8
3670 .RS +8
3676 then the \fIchecknews\fR(1) program runs every 30 minutes.
3680 .TP 8
3683 .RS +8
3687 then \fIdate\fR(1) runs just before the shell prompts for each command.
3688 There are no limits on what \fIprecmd\fR can be set to do, but discretion
3691 .TP 8
3694 .RS +8
3696 > alias postcmd  'echo \-n "^[]2\e;\e!#:q^G"'
3700 .TP 8
3719 shell variable to match (unless the shell variable is read-only) and vice
3723 .TP 8
3728 .TP 8
3732 .TP 8
3734 If set, all times are shown in 12-hour AM/PM format.
3735 .TP 8
3740 .TP 8
3743 i.e., `$1' is replaced by `$argv[1]', etc.
3745 .TP 8
3747 If set, the \fIspell-word\fR editor command is invoked automatically before
3749 .TP 8
3751 If set, the \fIexpand-history\fR editor command is invoked automatically
3754 .TP 8
3757 If set to `ambiguous', possibilities are listed only when no new
3759 .TP 8
3764 When the shell automatically logs out, it prints `auto-logout', sets the
3768 Set to `60' (automatic logout after 60 minutes, and no locking) by default
3771 the tty is a pseudo-tty (pty) or the shell was not so compiled (see the
3775 .TP 8
3783 .TP 8
3787 complex quoting tasks easier, but it can cause syntax errors in \fIcsh\fR(1)
3789 .TP 8
3794 .TP 8
3798 .TP 8
3803 .TP 8
3805 If set, it enables color display for the builtin \fBls\-F\fR and it passes
3806 \fB\-\-color=auto\fR to \fBls\fR.  Alternatively, it can be set to only
3807 \fBls\-F\fR or only \fBls\fR to enable color to only one command.  Setting
3808 it to nothing is equivalent to setting it to \fB(ls\-F ls)\fR.
3809 .TP 8
3813 .TP 8
3815 If set, the command which was passed to the shell with the \fB-c\fR flag (q.v.).
3816 .TP 8
3820 .TP 8
3825 periods, hyphens and underscores (`.', `\-' and `_') as word
3829 case-insensitive manner; it will treat periods, hyphens and underscores
3831 .TP 8
3835 .TP 8
3838 .RS +8
3842 .TP 8
3844 If set to `cmd', commands are automatically spelling-corrected.
3847 .TP 8
3851 .TP 8
3855 .TP 8
3859 .TP 8
3861 The default location in which `dirs \-S' and `dirs \-L' look for
3865 .TP 8
3868 `$dirstack[1]' is the current working directory, `$dirstack[2]'
3870 Note that the current working directory is `$dirstack[1]' but `=0' in
3875 .TP 8
3878 If set to `euc', it enables display and editing EUC-kanji(Japanese) code.
3879 If set to `sjis', it enables display and editing Shift-JIS(Japanese) code.
3883 multi-byte code format:
3884 .RS +8
3892 is set to number 0,1,2 and 3.  Each number has the following meaning:
3894   0 ... not used for multi-byte characters.
3896   1 ... used for the first byte of a multi-byte character.
3898   2 ... used for the second byte of a multi-byte character.
3900   3 ... used for both the first byte and second byte of a multi-byte character.
3904 .\" each nybble as a character.  What's going on here?  It this 3-byte code
3914 used for multi-byte characters.  The 3rd character (0x02) is set to '1',
3915 indicating that it is used for the first byte of a multi-byte character.
3917 the second byte of a multi-byte character.  The 5th and 6th characters
3919 byte of a multi-byte character.
3921 The GNU fileutils version of ls cannot display multi-byte
3922 filenames without the -N ( --literal ) option.   If you are using
3924 example, "ls-F -l" cannot display multi-byte filenames.
3931 .TP 8
3935 .TP 8
3938 executed.  For non-builtin commands all expansions occur before
3941 Set by the \fB\-x\fR command line option.
3942 .TP 8
3946 .RS +8
3948 .TP 8
3950 Don't echo a newline if the first argument is `\-n'; the default for \fIcsh\fR.
3951 .TP 8
3954 .TP 8
3956 Recognize both the `\-n' flag and backslashed escape sequences; the default
3958 .TP 8
3963 Set by default to the local system default.  The BSD and System V
3964 options are described in the \fIecho\fR(1) man pages on the appropriate
3967 .TP 8
3969 If set, the command-line editor is used.  Set by default in interactive
3971 .TP 8
3973 A list of command names for the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command to match.
3976 .TP 8
3981 .TP 8
3984 .TP 8
3987 .TP 8
3990 .TP 8
3997 .TP 8
4000 .TP 8
4002 If set, wild-card glob patterns will match files and directories beginning
4004 .TP 8
4007 characters including `/' traversing any existing sub-directories.  (e.g. 
4009 If used by itself, it will match zero or more sub-directories
4013 To prevent problems with recursion, the `**' glob-pattern will not 
4016 .TP 8
4019 .TP 8
4021 If set, the incremental search match (in \fIi-search-back\fR and
4022 \fIi-search-fwd\fR) and the region between the mark and the cursor are
4024 .IP "" 8
4028 .TP 8
4031 substitution\fR (q.v.).  The first character of its value is used as
4035 .TP 8
4043 `prev' and `all' options renumber history events so there are no gaps.
4044 .TP 8
4046 The default location in which `history \-S' and `history \-L' look for
4053 .TP 8
4057 also the \fItoggle-literal-history\fR editor command.
4058 .TP 8
4065 .TP 8
4069 .TP 8
4072 the \fIend-of-file\fR command (usually generated by the user by typing
4077 ignores \fIn - 1\fR consecutive \fIend-of-file\fRs and exits on the
4078 \fIn\fRth.  (+) If unset, `1' is used, i.e., the shell exits on a
4080 .TP 8
4085 is inhibited in non-interactive shell scripts, or for command strings
4087 executing a like-named command, but it is done after alias
4089 .TP 8
4093 .TP 8
4101 .TP 8
4107 (kill) strings of text, e.g. \fIbackward-delete-word\fR,
4108 \fIkill-line\fR, etc, as well as the \fIcopy-region-as-kill\fR command.
4110 into the command-line, while \fIyank-pop\fR (see \fBEditor commands\fR)
4112 .TP 8
4115 are used as flags to \fIls\-F\fR, making it act like `ls \-xF', `ls
4116 \-Fa', `ls \-FA' or a combination (e.g., `ls \-FxA'): `a' shows all
4119 \fBlistflags\fR is set, it is used as the path to `ls(1)'.
4120 .TP 8
4124 .TP 8
4126 If set, the \fIls\-F\fR builtin command shows the type of file to which
4128 .TP 8
4130 The maximum number of items which the \fIlist-choices\fR editor command
4132 .TP 8
4134 The maximum number of rows of items which the \fIlist-choices\fR editor
4136 .TP 8
4139 within a shell has no effect.  See also \fBshlvl\fR.
4140 .TP 8
4146 .TP 8
4155 .RS +8
4158 If you are in a login shell, then no mail file is reported unless it has
4175 .TP 8
4178 If set to `nomatch', it beeps only when there is no match.
4182 .TP 8
4186 .TP 8
4191 .TP 8
4195 .TP 8
4198 (q.v.) are inhibited.  This is most useful in shell scripts which do not deal
4201 .TP 8
4205 .TP 8
4208 (q.v.) which does not match any
4212 .TP 8
4214 A list of directories (or glob-patterns which match directories; see
4218 .TP 8
4222 .TP 8
4225 .TP 8
4227 The old working directory, equivalent to the `\-' used by \fIcd\fR and \fIpushd\fR.
4229 .TP 8
4233 .TP 8
4238 .TP 8
4242 If there is no \fBpath\fR variable then only full path names will execute.
4244 variable or, if \fBPATH\fR does not exist, to a system-dependent default
4248 A shell which is given neither the \fB\-c\fR nor the \fB\-t\fR option
4253 .TP 8
4255 If set and an interactive program exits with a non-zero status, the shell
4257 .TP 8
4263 .RS +8
4308 The time of day in 12-hour AM/PM format.
4311 Like `%t', but in 24-hour format (but see the \fBampm\fR shell variable).
4314 The `precise' time of day in 12-hour AM/PM format, with seconds.
4317 Like `%p', but in 24-hour format (but see the \fBampm\fR shell variable).
4385 eight-bit-clean shells; see the \fBversion\fR shell variable.
4400 .TP 8
4404 The same format sequences may be used as in \fBprompt\fR (q.v.);
4407 .TP 8
4410 The same format sequences may be used as in \fBprompt\fR (q.v.);
4413 .TP 8
4415 If set (to a two-character string), the `%#' formatting sequence in the
4418 .TP 8
4421 .TP 8
4424 .TP 8
4428 .TP 8
4432 .TP 8
4435 .TP 8
4437 The string to print on the right-hand side of the screen (after
4445 .TP 8
4447 If set, the shell does `dirs \-S' before exiting.
4450 .TP 8
4452 If set, the shell does `history \-S' before exiting.
4463 .TP 8
4469 .TP 8
4474 of \fBBuiltin and non-builtin command execution\fR.)  Initialized to the
4475 (system-dependent) home of the shell.
4476 .TP 8
4479 Reset to 1 in login shells.
4481 .TP 8
4489 .RS +8
4496 Builtin commands which fail return exit status `1', all other builtin
4499 .TP 8
4503 .RS +8
4518 builtins.  Unfortunately, this does not work for hard-to-recognize filenames,
4523 editor command \fInormalize-path\fR (bound by default to ^X-n) when necessary.
4531 > ln \-s from/src to/dst
4589 Note that `expand' expansion 1) works just like `ignore' for builtins
4591 filenames are passed to non-builtin commands.
4593 .TP 8
4598 .TP 8
4602 .TP 8
4604 If set to a number, then the \fItime\fR builtin (q.v.) executes automatically
4610 .RS +8
4683 The number of pages which are zero-filled on demand.
4705 Note that the CPU percentage can be higher than 100% on multi-processors.
4707 .TP 8
4710 .TP 8
4713 .TP 8
4716 .TP 8
4719 .TP 8
4723 Set by the \fB\-v\fR command line option.
4724 .TP 8
4728 \fBOSTYPE\fR and \fBMACHTYPE\fR) and a comma-separated
4732 .RS +8
4742 The shell is multibyte encoding clean (like UTF-8)
4759 \fIvi\fR(1)\-style editing is the default rather than \fIemacs\fR(1)\-style
4796 .TP 8
4798 .RS +8
4799 If unset, various key bindings change behavior to be more \fBemacs\fR(1)\-style:
4802 If set, various key bindings change behavior to be more \fBvi\fR(1)\-style:
4807 This variable is unset by \fIbindkey\fR \fB-e\fR and
4808 set by \fIbindkey\fR \fB-v\fR.
4813 .TP 8
4817 .TP 8
4824 .RS +8
4835 set watch = (1 any any)
4843 .TP 8
4848 .RS +8
4874 .TP 8
4876 A list of non-alphanumeric characters to be considered part of a word by the
4877 \fIforward-word\fR, \fIbackward-word\fR etc., editor commands.
4879 if \fBvimode\fR is unset, `*?_\-.[]~=' is used as the default;
4882 .TP 8
4885 .TP 8
4888 .TP 8
4890 Used by X Window System (see \fIX\fR(1)).
4891 If set, the shell does not set \fBautologout\fR (q.v.).
4892 .TP 8
4895 Used by the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command if the
4898 .TP 8
4901 .TP 8
4904 .TP 8
4908 .TP 8
4913 .TP 8
4915 A colon-separated list of directories in which the \fIrun-help\fR editor
4917 .TP 8
4921 .TP 8
4925 .TP 8
4928 .TP 8
4931 file format; a colon-separated list of expressions of the form
4932 "\fIxx=string\fR", where "\fIxx\fR" is a two-character variable name.  The
4935 .RS +8
4940 Normal (non-filename) text
4982 End code (replaces lc+no+rc)
4992 all C\-language source files blue you would specify \fB"*.c=34"\fR.
4995 Control characters can be written either in C\-style\-escaped
4996 notation, or in stty\-like ^\-notation.  The C\-style notation
5002 Each file will be written as \fB<lc>\fR \fB<color-code>\fR
5004 code is undefined, the sequence \fB<lc>\fR \fB<no>
5017 .RS +8
5023 1
5086 listing, try changing the \fBno\fR and \fBfi\fR codes from 0 to the
5087 numerical codes for your standard fore- and background colors.
5089 .TP 8
5092 .TP 8
5094 If set, printable characters are not rebound to \fIself-insert-command\fR.
5096 .TP 8
5099 .TP 8
5101 A colon-separated list of directories in which to look for executables.
5103 .TP 8
5107 .TP 8
5112 .TP 8
5115 .TP 8
5118 .TP 8
5121 .TP 8
5124 .TP 8
5127 .TP 8
5130 .TP 8
5132 The pathname to a default full-screen editor.
5133 Used by the \fIrun-fg-editor\fR editor command if the
5143 A/UX, AMIX, Cray and IRIX have no equivalent in \fIcsh\fR(1),
5179 A/UX, AMIX, Cray and IRIX have no equivalent in \fIcsh\fR(1),
5200 but experienced \fIcsh\fR(1) users will want to pay special attention to
5203 A command-line editor, which supports \fIemacs\fR(1)\-style
5204 or \fIvi\fR(1)\-style key bindings.
5205 See \fBThe command-line editor\fR and \fBEditor commands\fR.
5211 \fBSpelling correction\fR (q.v.) of filenames, commands and variables.
5213 \fBEditor commands\fR (q.v.) which perform other useful functions in the middle of
5214 typed commands, including documentation lookup (\fIrun-help\fR),
5215 quick editor restarting (\fIrun-fg-editor\fR) and
5216 command resolution (\fIwhich-command\fR).
5218 An enhanced history mechanism.  Events in the history list are time-stamped.
5222 the \fI*-history\fR, \fIhistory-search-*\fR, \fIi-search-*\fR, \fIvi-search-*\fR and
5223 \fItoggle-literal-history\fR editor commands
5230 the \fInormalize-command\fR and \fInormalize-path\fR editor commands.
5232 Negation in glob-patterns.  See \fBFilename substitution\fR.
5234 New \fBFile inquiry operators\fR (q.v.) and a \fIfiletest\fR
5237 A variety of \fBAutomatic, periodic and timed events\fR (q.v.) including
5245 and system-dependent file locations (see \fBFILES\fR).
5247 Extensive terminal-management capabilities.  See \fBTerminal management\fR.
5249 New builtin commands including \fIbuiltins\fR, \fIhup\fR, \fIls\-F\fR,
5250 \fInewgrp\fR, \fIprintenv\fR, \fIwhich\fR and \fIwhere\fR (q.v.).
5263 Read-only variables.  See \fBVariable substitution\fR.
5285 built-in commands.  This would allow control commands to be placed anywhere,
5298 Glob-patterns which do not use `?', `*' or `[]' or which use `{}' or `~'
5301 The single-command form of \fIif\fR does output redirection even if
5304 \fIls\-F\fR includes file identification characters when sorting filenames
5315 In 1964, DEC produced the PDP-6.  The PDP-10 was a later re-implementation.  It
5316 was re-christened the DECsystem-10 in 1970 or so when DEC brought out the
5321 1972 as an experiment in demand-paged virtual memory operating systems.  They
5322 built a new pager for the DEC PDP-10 and created the OS to go with it.  It was
5325 In 1975, DEC brought out a new model of the PDP-10, the KL10; they intended to
5327 box.  They called their version TOPS-20 (their capitalization is trademarked).
5328 A lot of TOPS-10 users (`The OPerating System for PDP-10') objected; thus DEC
5329 found themselves supporting two incompatible systems on the same hardware--but
5330 then there were 6 on the PDP-11!
5332 TENEX, and TOPS-20 to version 3, had command completion
5333 via a user-code-level subroutine library called ULTCMD.  With version 3, DEC
5339 and TOPS-20, and created a version of csh which mimicked them.
5344 limited to 1/6th the number of characters allowed in an argument list.
5346 Command substitutions may substitute no more characters than are allowed in
5352 csh(1), emacs(1), ls(1), newgrp(1), sh(1), setpath(1), stty(1), su(1),
5353 tset(1), vi(1), x(1), access(2), execve(2), fork(2), killpg(2),
5358 This manual documents tcsh 6.22.04 (Astron) 2021-04-26.
5363 Original author of \fIcsh\fR(1)
5374 Paul Placeway, Ohio State CIS Dept., 1983-1993
5378 Karl Kleinpaste, CCI 1983-4
5383 \fIls\-F\fR and \fIwhich\fR builtins and numerous bug fixes, modifications
5392 Christos S. Zoulas, Cornell U. EE Dept., 1987-94
5423 Per Hedeland, Ellemtel, Sweden, 1990-
5446 \fBshlvl\fR, Mach support, \fIcorrect-line\fR, 8-bit printing
5451 Jaap Vermeulen, Sequent, 1990-91
5452 Vi mode fixes, expand-line, window change fixes, Symmetry port
5454 Martin Boyer, Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Quebec, 1991
5470 Bruce Sterling Woodcock, sterling@netcom.com, 1991-1995
5475 \fIcomplete-word-fwd\fR and \fIcomplete-word-back\fR
5481 VMS-POSIX port
5500 Read-only variables
5502 Dave Schweisguth, Yale University, 1993-4
5508 Luke Mewburn, RMIT University, 1994-6